Bras d'Or Lake

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Bras d'Or Lake (Mi'kmawi'simk: Pitupaq) is an irregular estuary<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in the centre of Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref> It has a connection to the open sea, and is tidal. It also has inflows of fresh water from rivers, making the brackish water a very productive natural habitat. It was designated the Bras d'Or Lake Biosphere Reserve (now Bras d'Or Lake Biosphere Region) by UNESCO in 2011.<ref name="UNESCO">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Toponym

Pronounced (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell<ref>Template:Citation</ref> or Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell),<ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> maps before 1872 name it Le Lac de Labrador (or more simply Labrador).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Labrador was the name given by the Portuguese to much of eastern Canada; the lake's name eventually evolved to resemble the French language Arm of Gold, a homonym.<ref name="Place-names of the province of Nova Scotia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is also called locally The Bras d'Or Lakes.

In Mi'kmawi'simk, the lake's name, Pitupaq, refers to the brackish waters, meaning "the long salt water."

Geography

The lake has a surface area of 1099 square kilometers.<ref name="can-enc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three arms stretch out to the north east. At the top, the Great Bras d'Or Channel connects to the ocean via a navigable channel. The maximum depth is Template:Cvt in St. Andrews Channel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It sits in a 3,500 square kilometre drainage basin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The western side is generally shallow,<ref name="mnh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and is part of an extensive drumlin field. Steep hills rise abruptly on the northwestern side, to the Cape Breton Highlands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Denys, Middle, Baddeck, and Georges Rivers all empty into the lake. The lake water has lower salinity than the surrounding ocean, and varies from about 20 parts per thousand near river mouths to 29 parts per thousand in deeper areas.<ref name="mnh"/>

Ice cover has been declining in recent years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The lake is connected to the North Atlantic by two natural channels; the Great and Little Bras d'Or Channels which pass on either side of Boularderie Island.<ref name="britannica">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The southern tip of the lake is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Peters Canal, built for shipping traffic in the 1860s.

The restricted channels to the ocean cause a reduction in tidal range.<ref name="mnh"/>

Seaweed populations resemble those found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The warm waters are suitable for eastern oyster. Fish species include the blackspotted stickleback, white hake, blueback herring, Greenland cod, and introduced rainbow trout. These feed double-crested cormorants, bald eagles, and great blue herons.<ref name="mnh"/>

Human history

In southwestern Nova Scotia, there is archaeological evidence that traces traditional land use and resources to at least 4,000 years.<ref name="MU_Lewis_20060220">Template:Cite thesis</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Christianson, D.J. 1979. The Use of Subsistence Strategy Descriptions in Determining Wabanaki Residence Location. Journal of Anthropology at McMaster 5( 1 ).</ref><ref>Ferguson, R. 1986. Archaeological Sites of Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia. Unpublished Ms., Parks Canada , Halifax.</ref> Mi'kmaq peoples occupied lands around Bras d'Or Lake when European explorers first arrived. Named Unama'ki in their language, it is the fire (or capital district) of their country, Mi'kma'ki, part of the greater Wabanaki Confederacy of the Dawnland region. The Mi'kmaq call the lake Pitupaq, meaning long salt water. A French trading post was built in 1650.<ref name="can-enc"/> Alexander Graham Bell built an estate Beinn Bhreagh where he established a research laboratory, and used the lake to test man-carrying kites, airplanes and hydrofoil boats.

Most of the shore is undeveloped, but settlements include Baddeck, Eskasoni, Little Bras d'Or, St. Peter's, and Whycocomagh. Shoreline is under the jurisdiction of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality and the county municipalities of Inverness, Victoria, and Richmond.

Sailboat racing is a long tradition in the Bras d'Or, with events hosted by the Bras d'Or Yacht Club<ref name="history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Today most economic activity around the lake is related to the services in the tertiary sector of the economy.<ref name="UNESCO" />

Gallery

Marble Mountain in early summer
Ocean-going ships enter and exit the Bras d'Or Lake system via Great Bras d'Or, spanned by the Seal Island Bridge
Passenger steamer on Bras d'Or Lake near New Campbellton, ca 1903.
The East Bay Regatta, held the last weekend in July since 1984, features races and other social events. As many as 40 boats participate.