Bridget Bishop

Bridget Bishop (Template:Nee; Template:Circa 1632 – 10 June 1692) was a midwife and the first person executed for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials in 1692. Nineteen were hanged, and one, Giles Corey, was pressed to death. Altogether, about 200 people were tried.

Early life

She was born Template:Circa in Norwich, England.

Bridget's maiden name was Magnus. Her sister Mercy, her father John, and her mother Rebecca adopted the last name Playfer, Bridget's paternal grandmother's maiden name. She was married three or possibly four times.Template:Cn

Salem witch trials

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Bridget Bishop was examined due to her accusation of suspicion of "sundry acts of witchcraft".<ref name=":1">Woodward, Elliot (1969). Records of Salem witchcraft : copied from the original documents. New York: Da capo Press.Template:Pn</ref>Template:Pn Bishop was accused of bewitching five young women, Abigail Williams, Ann Putnam, Jr., Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, and Elizabeth Hubbard, on the date of her examination by the authorities, 19 April 1692.

Trial

Bishop's trial, which was the first case seen before the new Court of Oyer and Terminer, began on June 2nd, 1692 and lasted eight days, officially starting the Salem Witchcraft Trials.<ref name=":0" />Template:Pn A record was given of her trial by Cotton Mather in "Wonders of the Invisible World." In his book, Mather recorded that several people testified against Bishop, stating that the shape of Bishop would pinch, choke or bite them. The shape also threatened to drown one victim if she did not write her name in a certain book. According to Mather, during the trial, any time Bishop would look upon one of her accusers, they would be immediately struck down and only her touch would revive them.

More allegations were made during the trial including that of a woman saying that the apparition of Bishop tore her coat, and upon further examination her coat was found to be torn in the exact spot. Mather mentions that the truth of these many accusations carried too much suspicion, however.<ref name="Mather1862">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ezekiel Cheevers and John Putnam made the complaint against Bridget Bishop. Bishop was charged for committing witchcraft upon five women, Ann Putnam, Mercy Lewis, Abigail Williams, Mary Walcot, and Elis Hubert. These women claimed Bridget Bishop to be the witch who hurt them.<ref>Boyer, Paul (1993). Salem-village witchcraft : a documentary record of local conflict in colonial New England. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Template:Pn</ref>Template:Pn Ann Putnam stated that Bishop called the devil her God, while other people such as Richard Coman accused Bishop of taking hold of their throats and ripping Coman and his wife out of bed.<ref>Woods, William Howards (1974). A casebook of witchcraft : reports, depositions, confessions, trials, and executions for witchcraft during a period of three hundred years. New York: Putnam.Template:Pn</ref>Template:Pn Other girls accused her of harming them with just a quick glance. Even Bishop's own husband claimed she praised the devil.

William Stacy, a middle aged man in Salem Town, testified that Bishop had previously made statements to him that other people in the town considered her to be a witch. He confronted her with the allegation that she was using witchcraft to torment him, which she denied. Another local man, Samuel Shattuck, accused Bishop of bewitching his child and also of striking his son with a spade.

He also testified that Bishop asked him to dye lace, which apparently was too small to be used on anything but a poppet, a doll used in spell-casting. John and William Bly, father and son, testified about finding poppets in Bishop's house and also about their cat that appeared to be bewitched, or poisoned, after a dispute with Bishop. Other victims of Bishop, as recorded by Mather, include Deliverance Hobbs, John Cook, Samuel Gray, and John Louder.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Pn</ref>Template:Pn

During her sentencing, a jury of women found a third nipple upon Bishop (then considered a sure sign of witchcraft), yet upon a second examination the nipple was not found. In the end Mather states that the greatest thing that condemned Bishop was the gross amount of lying she committed in court. According to Mather, "there was little occasion to prove the witchcraft, it being evident and notorious to all beholders."<ref name="Mather1862" />

Execution

Bishop was sentenced to death and hanged.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Pn</ref>Template:Pn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She was recorded to be the first woman to die from hanging in the colony.

Personal life

She married her first husband, Samuel Wesselby on 13 April 1660, at St. Mary-in-the-Marsh, Norwich, Norfolk, England.<ref>Anderson, Robert Charles. "Bridget (Mangus) (Playfer) (Wasselbe) (Oliver) Bishop", The American Genealogist (October 1989), 64: 207. The American Genealogist</ref> She had two sons and one daughter from her first marriage: John, Benjamin<ref>"England Deaths and Burials, 1538–1991" (Benjamin Waselby), Middlesex, England; Burial Date: 26 Sep 1664.</ref> and Mary.<ref>"Massachusetts Births and Christenings, 1639–1915", Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts; 10 January 1665.</ref> Her first husband died in 1666.<ref name=":0" />Template:Pn

Her second marriage, on 26 July 1666,<ref>Vital Records of the Town of Salem. Salem, MA: Essex Institute. 1924.</ref> was to Thomas Oliver, a widower and prominent businessman, listed in early records as a calendar. They had one child, a daughter, Chrestian Oliver (sometimes spelled Christian), born 8 May 1667.<ref>Vital Records of the Town of Salem, Volume 1, Births, Salem, MA: Essex Institute. 1916.Template:Pn</ref> She was earlier accused of bewitching Thomas Oliver to death, but was acquitted for lack of evidence.Template:Cn

Her third marriage Template:Circa was to Edward Bishop, a prosperous sawyer, whose family lived in Beverly.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Pn</ref> Her third husband, Edward Bishop, is also one of the founders of the First Church of Beverly. He was 44 at the time of the trials.<ref name=":1" />

Bridget ran a tavern alongside Edward in Salem Town. <ref name=":0" />Template:Pn

Recent historical interpretation

New interpretations of the historical record show that Bridget Bishop was a resident of Salem Town, and was therefore not the owner of the tavern in Salem Village. The tavern belonged to a different Edward and "Goodwife Bishop", Sarah Bishop, whom Bridget Bishop has evidently often been confused with. The evidence includes the fact that the property of John Gedney, Bridget Bishop's neighbor, and her connecting orchard/house were located in Salem Town (off present-day Washington Street).

It is considered possible that Bishop did not know her accusers. This would be supported in her deposition in Salem Village before the authorities stating, "I never saw these persons before, nor I never was in this place before."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The indictments against her clearly note that she was from "Salem",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which meant Salem Town, as other indictments against residents of Salem Village specified their locations as such.<ref>See the indictment against Sarah Good, a resident of Salem VillageTemplate:Dead link</ref>

It is likely that there was a bias against women, in prosecutions for witchcraft at the time. Bridget Bishop had already been accused and deemed innocent an entire decade before the witch trials.<ref name=":0">Stevenson, Keira (2017). Bridget Bishop. [Place of publication not identified]. Template:ISBN. OCLC 994473310.Template:Pn</ref>Template:Pn While men were still being accused, it was mostly women being indicted during this time period.

Further reading

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• The Salem Witchcraft Papers on Bridget Bishop