Brighton, Victoria

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Template:Short description Template:Use Australian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Australian place Brighton is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 11 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> located within the City of Bayside local government area. Brighton recorded a population of 23,252 at the 2021 census.<ref name="abs21"/>

Brighton is named after Brighton in England.<ref name = "b">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

In England, on 29 August 1840, Henry Dendy (1800–81) purchased Template:Convert of Port Phillip land at £1 per acre, sight unseen, under the terms of the short-lived Special Survey regulations.<ref>A History of Brighton by Weston Bate (1983)</ref> Dendy arrived on 5 February 1841 to claim his land. The area was known as Dendy's Special Survey.

The area Dendy was compelled to take, called "Waterville", was bound by the coastline to the west and the present day North Road, East Boundary Road and South Road.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A town was surveyed in mid-1841, defined by the crescent-shaped street layout which remains today, and subdivided allotments were offered for sale. The area soon became the "Brighton Estate", and Dendy's site for his own home was named "Brighton Park". Unfortunately, the land did not have any ready sources of water. Sales were slow at first, and the financial depression came and Dendy's scheme for emigration and land sales failed. The family of his agent Jonathan Binns Were (1809–85) who had arrived in Melbourne in 1839, bought the land.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> All of Dendy's business ventures failed, and he died a pauper.

After the depression, sales of land resulted in Brighton becoming the third most populated town in the Port Phillip District (after Melbourne and Portland), by 1846. Brighton attracted wealthy residents who wanted generous building sites and the prospect of sea bathing. By the late 1840s stately homes were built in an area known as 'The Terrace', now called the Esplanade, overlooking Dendy Street Beach. The Brighton Post Office opened on 19 April 1853.<ref name = "a">Template:Cite web</ref>

St Andrew's Anglican Church, Brighton, one of the earliest churches in Victoria, was founded in 1842. Wesleyan and Catholic churches followed by 1848, and a Methodist church in 1851. Schools were opened on the Anglican Church land (1849) and by the Catholic Church in Centre Road (1850). Another was opened in the Wesleyan Church in 1855. In 1854, Brighton had a census population of 2,731.

A railway connection to Melbourne was built in stages: Windsor to North Brighton was completed in 1859 and connected to the loop line to St Kilda station; the connection to Melbourne was made in 1860; and the line was extended from North Brighton to Brighton Beach in 1861. A single line railway-tram from St Kilda to Brighton Beach was completed in 1906. The railway tramline was duplicated in 1914. In 1919 the railway was electrified. A tram ran down Hawthorn Road; the section from Glenhuntly to North Road was completed in 1925 and extended to Nepean Highway in 1937.

The noted bathing boxes in Brighton are known to have existed as far back as 1862, although the earliest ones were at the water's edge at the end of Bay St<ref name="BBBA-H">Template:Cite web</ref> rather than their present location on Dendy Street Beach just south of Middle Brighton.<ref name="mel-07" /> In 1906, the completion of a tram line from St Kilda to Brighton led to an increase in applications for bathing box permits and significant construction between 1908 and 1911; final numbers are uncertain, but between 100 and 200 bathing box sites may have been allocated prior to the Great Depression.<ref name="BBBA-H" /> As part of capital works programs during the Depression to help relieve unemployment, the City of Brighton, backed by State Government funding, relocated all bathing boxes to the high-water mark on Dendy Street Beach, or removed them completely. The boxes were relocated again in 1934 to their present position at the rear of this beach.<ref name="BBBA-H2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Two years after the opening of the railway line to Brighton Beach in 1861, Captain Kenny's Brighton Beach Baths opened.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the time, bathing in the open during daylight hours was strictly prohibited, as was mixed bathing: separate sections of the beach were designated for men and for women. The baths were built off shore and were accessed by a wooden bridge, so that bathers would not have to cross the sand clad only in bathing costumes, but could gain entry straight into the water. Brighton Beach Baths had been destroyed several times, and were finally demolished in 1979.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Middle Brighton Municipal Baths were opened in 1881. The Baths are one of the only remaining caged open water sea baths in Australia.

On 18 January 1859, the municipality of Brighton was proclaimed extending eastwards between Dendy's survey boundaries to Thomas Street and Nepean Highway. Brighton became a borough in October 1863, and in 1870 parts of Elwood and Elsternwick were added. Brighton became a town on 18 March 1887. It annexed Template:Convert from the City of Moorabbin on 3 April 1912 and became the City of Brighton on 12 March 1919.<ref name=vmd>Template:Cite book Accessed at State Library of Victoria, La Trobe Reading Room.</ref> On 14 December 1994, the City of Brighton was incorporated in a new municipality called City of Bayside.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Brighton Magistrates' Court closed on 1 February 1985.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Former cinemas

Prince George Theatre

The Prince George Theatre was located in Church Street, Middle Brighton.<ref name=pg>Template:Cite web</ref>

The building was originally built as the Caledonian Hall by David Munro in the late 19th century. It was first used as a public hall, doubling as a cinema when moving pictures were created in the first decade of the 20th Century. In 1920 the hall was refurbished, and reopened as the Grand Central Cinema. In October 1926 Robert McLeish Theatres of Swanston Street, Melbourne took over operations of the cinema, renaming it the Paramount.<ref name=pg/>

Bert Ward (born c.1907),Template:Efn had been running and the Hoyts Southern in Hampton, having also learnt projectionist skills. When the run-down Paramount was put on sale at a low price in 1928, he bought the theatre at the age of 21. With assistance from his family he made improvements, including central heating and quality sound equipment.<ref name=pg/>

In 1933, Ward renamed the cinema the Prince George Theatre (after the son of King George V and Queen Mary). A CinemaScope screen was installed in the 1950s, and with the introduction of television, the cinema, then under the management of Bert's son Robert Ward, was also used to broadcast television programmes onto the big screen. At that time, the Ward family owned several cinemas, including the Burnley in Burnley; the Civic in Ashburton; the Mayfair in Gardenvale; the Prince George; and the Dendy Theatre. They also had interests in the Savoy in Russell Street, Melbourne.<ref name=pg/>

With the coming of television, Ward introduced a policy of showing arthouse films, probably the first such cinema to do so in Melbourne. However, with the Dendy Cinema increasingly difficult to maintain afloat financially, Robert Ward closed the Prince George, and instead turned the Dendy into an arthouse cinema.<ref name=pg/>

The building reopened as the Basin Street Jazz Centre, which closed in 1962. It then underwent various other changes and became derelict.<ref name=pg/>

Dendy Theatre

The Dendy Theatre in Church Street, Middle Brighton, was built in 1940 and named after Henry Dendy,<ref name=dendyorgan/> to designs in Art Deco style by Cowper Murphy Appleford.<ref name=storey>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=newage1940>Template:Cite news </ref> It was built on a site where Dendy made his first camp.<ref>Template:Cite news </ref><ref name=newage1940/> It was built as a single-screen cinema with 1,172 seats,<ref name=ct>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=newage1940/> each with individual foot-warmers, and opened on 29 November 1940. It also included a crying room for mothers with young children.<ref name=newage1940/><ref name=fb>Template:Cite web</ref> It was later known as the Dendy Cinema.<ref name=dendyorgan>Template:Cite web</ref>

The cinema was owned by Bert Ward (born c.1907), who passed his cinema industry knowledge and skills onto his son Robert Ward Template:Post-nominals (died 2017). Under Robert, the Dendy cinema brand spread first into the city in Collins Street, then across the suburbs and interstate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dendy Theatre was known as Dendy Cinema in the 1960s. Film screenings were regularly advertised in The Australian Jewish News,<ref>Template:Cite news </ref><ref>Template:Cite news </ref> which reported in 1966 that "generous concessions" were available to Jewish organisations for group bookings.<ref name=ajn1966/>

In March 1966 the cinema underwent a major renovation and upgrade of its equipment, costing A$45,000. It was fitted with 70 mm and Todd-AO widescreen equipment, with Otto Preminger's In Harm's Way the first film scheduled to be shown using the new equipment the following month.<ref name=ajn1966>Template:Cite news</ref> In April 1967, a three-manual, fifteen-rank Wurlitzer organ was installed in the theatre, after being transported from the Capitol Theatre in Swanston Street, Melbourne. The organ was officially opened by organist Horace Webber, who had first opened the instrument in 1924.<ref name=dendyorgan/> It was played almost every night for around 15 years, and was featured on television. In December 1983 organ was removed ahead of demolition of the theatre in January 1984.<ref name=dendyorgan/><ref name=ct/>

In March 1969, American group The Platters, who were touring Australia, played live at the cinema over two weeks, along with screenings of the film Becket (1964 film), starring Peter O'Toole and Richard Burton.<ref>Template:Cite news </ref>

In 1979 Andrew Ward applied to replace the Dendy Cinema with a two-screen cinema complex, along with shops and offices. Redevelopment of the site began four years later and the new Dendy Centre opened on 30 April 1985.<ref name=pg/> The cinema was called the Brighton Village Twin (also referred to as the Dendy Twin<ref name=ct/>), with the organ eventually reinstalled in Cinema One in 1988.<ref name=dendyorgan/>

The cinema closed for renovations in 2000, reopening as a multi-screen cinema in the same year. Screen 4 contained the organ.<ref name=ct/> By 2009 it had expanded to include five cinemas, operated by Palace Cinemas as an arthouse cinema.<ref name=pg/> In 2021 Palace Cinemas announced that the auditorium housing the organ would be converted into four screens, and that the organ would be reinstalled at The Capitol.<ref name=ct/>

Today

File:Brighton Beach, Vic Pano, 10.01.2009 b.jpg
Bathing boxes on Dendy Street Beach with Middle Brighton pier and breakwater and the city skyline in the background

On the beach, Beach Road is a popular cycling route, with the Bay Trail off-road walking/cycling tracks also following the coastline.

File:Aerial panorama of Middle Brighton pier and its surrounds.jpg
Aerial panorama of Middle Brighton pier and its surrounds (Feb. 2023)

Dendy Street Beach, just south of Middle Brighton, features 82 colorful bathing boxes,<ref name="mel-07">Template:Cite book</ref> which are one of the tourist icons of Melbourne. The boxes share a uniformity of size and build, and a regular arrangement along the beach, and are the only surviving such structures close to the Melbourne CBD.<ref name="BBBA">Template:Cite web</ref> A Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay on the boxes by the Bayside City Council restricts alterations, and all retain their Victorian era architecture, such as timber frames, weatherboard sidings, and corrugated iron roofs, without amenities such electricity or running water.<ref name="BBBA" /> The bathing boxes may only be purchased by residents paying local council rates, and as of 2020 were selling for prices in the range of A$300,000 - 400,000 with annual council rates of around A$500, despite their lack of amenities.<ref name="age-1" /> In 2009 plans were announced to build at least six new bathing boxes in an effort by the council to raise funds in excess of A$1 million during the 2008 financial crisis.<ref name="age-1">Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Brightonbaths2 b.jpg
The Baths - including sea baths, gym, and restaurant

Between Middle Brighton Beach and Sandown St Beach are the historic moderne Middle Brighton Municipal Baths, Royal Brighton Yacht Club, and the Middle Brighton Pier and breakwater.<ref name="mel-07" /> North Road in Brighton features many old churches and residences. The North Road Pavilion is a café which has an outlook of Port Phillip Bay, while the beachfront features views of the Melbourne city skyline.

There are two cinemas in Brighton, both owned by Palace Cinemas; one in Middle Brighton (on the site of the former Dendy Theatre), and the Palace Brighton cinema located at Bay Street, North Brighton.

File:Aerial panorama of Elsternwick Park and Port Philip Bay.jpg
Aerial panorama of Elsternwick Park and Port Philip Bay (Feb 2023)

The former Brighton Municipal Offices, now the Brighton library and council chamber, were designed by K. F. Knight in 1959-60 are a red brick miniature of Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum in New York City. The interior furnishings were created by industrial designer Grant Featherston.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Population

File:Vertical aerial panorama of Middle Brighton Pier and the Brighton Baths from above.jpg
Vertical aerial panorama of Middle Brighton Pier.and the Brighton Baths from above. February 2023.

In the 2016 Census, there were 23,253 people in Brighton. 68.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 5.4%, China 2.8%, New Zealand 1.7%, United States of America 1.2% and South Africa 1.1%. 79.0% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.2%, Greek 1.9%, Italian 1.5%, Russian 1.4% and French 0.8%. The most common responses for religion in Brighton were Christianity 55.9%, No Religion 33.6%, Catholic 22.5% (subsector of Christianity) and Anglican 16.7% (subsector of Christianity.<ref name="abs">Template:Census 2016 AUSFile:CC-BY icon.svg Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</ref>

Transport

Brighton is serviced by the Gardenvale, North Brighton, Middle Brighton, and Brighton Beach railway stations on the Sandringham line.

Tram Route 64 from Melbourne University services the eastern extremities of the suburb,<ref>Template:Cite PTV route</ref> while there are also a range of bus services, including 216,<ref>Template:Cite PTV route</ref> Monash University bound 630<ref>Template:Cite PTV route</ref> and 219<ref>Template:Cite PTV route</ref> which run through the Melbourne CBD. Several major arterial roads run near or through Brighton.

The Bay Trail off-road bicycle path passes through the Brighton foreshore.

Education

File:Aerial panorama of Middle Brighton Pier and its fleet of yachts.jpg
Aerial panorama of Middle Brighton Pier and its fleet of yachts. February 2023.

Secondary schools within Brighton includes Brighton Grammar School, Brighton Secondary College, Firbank Girls' Grammar School, Haileybury's Castlefield campus, St Leonard's College, Xavier College's Kostka Hall junior campus (closed down in 2021), and Star of the Sea College.

The Melbourne International School of Japanese, a part-time Japanese school, previously held its classes at the Brighton Grammar School in Brighton.<ref name=MizukamiSojp119>Mizukami, Tetsuo. The Sojourner Community: Japanese Migration and Residency in Australia (Volume 10 of Social sciences in Asia, v. 10). BRILL, 2007. Template:ISBN, 9789004154797. p. 119.</ref> The local Catholic Primary schools are St Joan of Arcs Brighton and St James Primary School which is near Star of the Sea.<ref>St Joan of Arcs Brighton Bayside City Council Template:Dead link</ref>

Sport

Golfers play at the Brighton Public Golf Course<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> on Dendy Street.<ref name = "golf">Template:Cite web</ref>

Brighton is home to the Brighton Icebergers.

Brighton Beach is one of Port Phillip Bay's premier kite surfing locations with designated access lanes for kitesurfing and regular lessons being held opposite the beachfront hotel; The Brighton Savoy.

Bridge is taught and played the Dendy Park bridge club.<ref>Dendy Park Bridge Club Retrieved 6 June 2017</ref>

Brighton is also home to the following sports clubs:

  • Bayside Cougars Hockey Club
  • Brighton Soccer Club
  • Brighton Cricket Club
  • Cluden Cricket Club
  • East Brighton United Soccer Club
  • Old Brighton Grammarians Amateur Football Club (Australian Rules)

Notable residents

Some notable residents, past and present, include:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

Footnotes

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References

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Further reading

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