Bryonia

Bryonia is a genus of flowering plants in the gourd family. Bryony Template:IPAc-en is its best-known common name.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They are native to western Eurasia and adjacent regions, such as North Africa, the Canary Islands and South Asia.

Male flower of white bryony (B. alba)

Description and ecology

Template:Unreferenced section Bryonies are perennial, tendril-climbing, diclinous or dioeciousTemplate:Clarify herbs with palmately lobed leaves and flowers in axillary clusters. The fruit is a smooth, globular berry.

Bryonia is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), including the tortrix moth Phtheochroa rugosana (recorded on red bryony, B. dioica) and the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae). The horticultural value contributes to formation of pest and crop damage by the food plant consumption.

Use by humans

Bryonies are occasionally grown in gardens, sometimes accidentally, sometimes deliberately so. Some species find use in herbal medicine. Generally however, these plants are poisonous, some highly so, and may be fatal if ingested. Cucurbitacin glycosides are primarily responsible for the plants' bitterness and emetic effects.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Variants of the plants' name, such as Bryony, are used in some cultures as female given names. They were quite popular in the 18th century.

The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom named two ships HMS Bryony after the plant.

Species

The toxic berries of red bryony (B. dioica)

Twelve species are currently accepted by the USDA:<ref>USDA (2009)</ref> Ten of these are supported in a molecular-phylogenetic analysis:<ref>Volz and Renner (2009)</ref> The only English species, B. dioica (red bryony), grows in hedgerows as far north as Yorkshire.

• Bryonia acuta Desf. (formerly sometimes included in B. cretica)
• Bryonia alba L. – white bryony
• Bryonia aspera Steven ex Ledeb.
• Bryonia cretica L. – Cretan bryony
• Bryonia dioica Jacq. – white or red bryony (formerly sometimes included in B. cretica)
• Bryonia lappifolia Vassilcz.
• Bryonia marmorata E.M.A.Petit
• Bryonia melanocarpa Nabiev
• Bryonia monoica Aitch. & Hemsl.
• Bryonia multiflora Boiss. & Heldr.
• Bryonia syriaca Boiss.
• Bryonia verrucosa Aiton

A bryony root (broken at the bottom)

Formerly placed here

• Many species of Cayaponia ("American bryonies")
• Several species of Cucumis, Solena and Zehneria
• Coccinia abyssinica
• Corallocarpus epigaeus
• Diplocyclos palmatus
• Kedrostis africana
• Melothria pendula (as B. guadalupensis)
• Trichosanthes ovigera (as B. cucumeroides)

See also

• Bryonopsis (meaning "looks like bryony"), a now-invalid genus currently assigned to close (Diplocyclos) and somewhat more distant (Kedrostis) relatives of Bryonia

References

• Template:Aut (2009): Siren SOS Germplasm Resources Information Network – Bryonia. Version of 2009-MAY-15. Retrieved 2010-APR-15.
• Template:Aut 2009. Phylogeography of the ancient Eurasian medicinal plant genus Bryonia (Cucurbitaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast sequences. Taxon 58(2): 550-560.
• Template:Aut Dioscorides's Bruonia melaina is Bryonia alba, not Tamus communis, and an illustration labeled Bruonia melaina in the Codex Vindobonensis is Humulus lupulus not Bryonia dioica. pp. 273–280. In: Pitrat, M., ed., Cucurbitaceae 2008, https://w3.avignon.inra.fr/dspace/handle/2174/218 Template:Webarchive

External links

• Medicinal uses of Bryonia alba – Note: This is a historical document from the 1930s and may not be medically accurate today.
• Bryonia cretica – flowers in Israel