Bukka White

Booker T. Washington "Bukka" White (November 12, 1906<ref name="bw birth"/> – February 26, 1977) was an American Delta blues guitarist and singer. His first full-length biography, The Life and Music of Booker "Bukka" White: Recalling the Blues (2024), has been published by the University Press of Mississippi.

Life and career to the 1950s

Booker T. Washington White was born on a farm south of Houston in northeastern Mississippi on November 12, 1906.<ref name="bw birth"/><ref name="trail bw">Template:Cite web</ref> Bukka is a phonetic spelling of White's first name; he was named after the African-American educator and civil rights activist Booker T. Washington. White was a first cousin of B. B. King's mother (White's mother and King's maternal grandmother were sisters).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His father, John White, was a railroad worker<ref name=Harris>Template:Cite book</ref> and a musician who performed locally,<ref name="trail bw"/> primarily playing the fiddle, mandolin, guitar, and piano. He gave Booker a guitar for his ninth birthday.Template:Sfn White started his career playing the fiddle at square dances.Template:Citation needed He got married at 16 years old, with his father giving him a new Stella guitar as a wedding present. He and his wife lived in Houston, but after a few years, she died of a burst appendix.Template:Sfn

White moved from the hill country to work on a farm at Swan Lake in the Mississippi Delta.Template:Sfn He was a fan of Charley Patton, telling friends, "I want to come to be a great man like Charlie Patton".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He said he never met Patton,<ref name=Hay_17>Template:Cite book</ref> though he also claimed to have done so, although this is doubted.<ref>Stephen Calt, in I'd Rather Be the Devil: Skip James and the Blues (2008), suggested that White claimed to know Patton merely because John Fahey was a fan of the (by then long-dead) bluesman.</ref> White was approached by Ralph Lembo, a white store owner and talent scout, who saw him walking past his store in Itta Bena with a guitar. Lembo took him and his friend Napoleon Hairiston to Memphis, Tennessee, in May 1930 for White's first recording session with Victor Records.Template:Sfn<ref name="Russell">Template:Cite book</ref> Like many other bluesmen, the recordings comprised country blues and gospel music. The gospel songs were done in the style of Blind Willie Johnson, with a female backing singer accentuating the last phrase of each line.<ref>In the liner notes for American Primitive, Vol. 1, which features White's "I Am in the Heavenly Way," Fahey stated that White "... had no particular interest in religion. Victor went and hired the woman from a local Baptist church for this recording. Trying to imitate Blind Willie Johnson."</ref> Of the fourteen songs recorded, Victor released two under the name Washington White, two gospel songs on one record, released in 1930, and two country blues on the other, released in 1931. Victor published his photograph in 1930.

White's mother died in 1933, and in 1934 he married Susie Simpson, a niece of George 'Bullet' Williams, a harmonica player whom White had started playing with at Glendora in 1932. White and his second wife started farming near Aberdeen, back in the Mississippi hill country east of Houston.Template:Sfn He probably first went to Chicago in 1935, travelling from St. Louis with Peetie Wheatstraw, where he made friends with Big Bill Broonzy, Washboard Sam, Memphis Slim, and Tampa Red.Template:Sfn

File:ParchmanGateNewPhoto.JPG

"Parchman Farm Blues" was about the Mississippi State Penitentiary.

He was in Chicago again for a recording session with producer Lester Melrose in early September 1937, where he recorded two songs, "Pinebluff Arkansas" and "Shake 'Em On Down". Back home in Aberdeen in October, he was arrested and charged with murder over shooting a man in the thigh. He was tried on 8 November, convicted of murder, and sentenced to life imprisonment, to be served in the Mississippi State Penitentiary, commonly known as Parchman Farm.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His Chicago recordings were released on a 78 record by Vocalion while he was serving time, and "Shake 'Em on Down" became a hit. His version of the oft-recorded song<ref>Furry Lewis, Mississippi Fred McDowell, Wade Walton, and R. L. Burnside, among others, have recorded a version of "Shake 'Em on Down".</ref> is considered definitive. The folklorist John Lomax visited Parchman Farm in 1939 to record White.<ref name="Devil">Template:Cite book</ref> As a professional musician who had recorded commercially, White was reluctant to be recorded for free and allowed Lomax to record just two songs, "Po' Boy" and "Sic 'Em Dogs On". "Shake 'Em On Down" and "Po' Boy" became his most well known songs.

White was released from Parchman Farm after serving two years. Soon after, in early 1940, he went to Chicago to record for Melrose again. He arrived with transcripts of the songs he intended to record, but Melrose dismissed them as they were songs others had recorded, so there would be little money in them. Melrose put him up in a hotel and told him to produce some original songs. White returned to Melrose with twelve songs and recorded them on 7 March.Template:Sfn They included two relating to his experience in prison – "Parchman Farm Blues" and "Fixin' to Die Blues", along with "When Can I Change My Clothes".<ref name="Devil"/> After returning to Mississippi, where he and his wife decided to separate permanently, he returned to Chicago, playing in small clubs with his four-piece band.Template:Sfn

In 1942, he settled in Memphis, where he worked for two years as a laborer at the Memphis Defense Depot, and then started a job in manufacturing storage tanks at the Newberry Equipment Company, where he remained for 20 years. He continued part-time with professional music, playing small gigs with Frank Stokes for several years, and playing with Memphis Willie B. (Willie Borum).Template:Sfn In the second half of the 1940s, his younger cousin B.B. King moved to Memphis and lived with White for several months. White helped introduce King to the Memphis music community and got him a job at Newberry Equipment.Template:Sfn

The 1950s were lean years for White musically, as new styles of music had supplanted mainly the country blues he played.Template:Sfn

Folk blues revival

In 1959, White's recording of "Fixin' to Die Blues" was included on the album The Country Blues, compiled by Samuel Charters for Folkways Records to accompany his book of the same name, and was a key element in the American folk music revival of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Bob Dylan included a cover version of the song on his first album, released in March 1962. Dylan's cover aided a rediscovery of White in 1963 by guitarist John Fahey and his friend Ed Denson which propelled him into the folk music revival. Fahey and Denson found White when Fahey wrote a letter to White and addressed it to "Bukka White (Old Blues Singer), c/o General Delivery, Aberdeen, Mississippi", assuming from White's song "Aberdeen, Mississippi" that White still lived there. The postcard was forwarded to Memphis. Fahey and Denson traveled there to meet him, and White and Fahey remained friends for the rest of White's life.<ref>In his collection of autobiographical sketches, How Bluegrass Music Ruined My Life, Fahey reminisced about his and White's time catching catfish together. He also remarked that White had, by the time of his rediscovery, largely forgotten how to play guitar, but had become a more adept lyricist.</ref>

White went to California later in 1963, where he played at university folklore classes and club gigs. He made new recordings of his early songs for the Mississippi Blues: Bukka White album, which Denson and Fahey released on their own Takoma Records. He also recorded new material for two LPs, Bukka White: Sky Songs Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, released on Chris Strachwitz's Arhoolie Records.Template:Sfn Denson became his manager. White was at one time also managed by Arne Brogger, an experienced manager of blues musicians.

White toured North America and Europe for the rest of the 1960s until 1975.<ref name=Harris/> He was friends with musician Furry Lewis, and the two were recorded (mostly in Lewis's Memphis apartment) by Bob West in 1968 for an album, Furry Lewis, Bukka White & Friends: Party! At Home, released on the Arcola label.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> White recorded two more albums in the 1970s.Template:Sfn

White played National resonator guitars in an open tuning, typically with a slide. He was one of the few, along with Skip James, to use a crossnote tuning in E minor, which he may have learned, as James did, from Henry Stuckey. He also played piano, but less adeptly.

He died of cancer in Memphis on 26 February 1977.

Awards and legacy

In 1990, White was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame (along with Blind Blake and Lonnie Johnson). On November 21, 2011, the Recording Academy announced the addition of "Fixin' to Die Blues" to its 2012 list of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2011, White was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Houston, Mississippi.<ref name="trail bw" /> The Bukka White Blues Festival is an annual music festival on Columbus Day Weekend in Aberdeen, Mississippi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Led Zeppelin song "Hats Off to (Roy) Harper", on the band's 1970 album Led Zeppelin III, was based in large part on White's "Shake 'Em on Down". "Custard Pie", a song on their 1975 album Physical Graffiti, also references "Shake 'Em on Down."<ref name=Complete>Lewis, Dave (1994). The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin. Omnibus Press. Template:ISBN.</ref>

White's 1963 recordings of "Shake 'Em on Down" and spoken-word piece "Remembrance of Charlie Patton" were both sampled by electronic artist Recoil (mostly a one-man effort by Alan Wilder of Depeche Mode) for the track "Electro Blues for Bukka White" on the 1992 album Bloodline.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The song was reworked and re-released on the 2000 EP Jezebel.

In 1995, White's "Aberdeen, Mississippi" was covered as "Aberdeen" by guitarist Kenny Wayne Shepherd on his debut album, Ledbetter Heights. It reached number 23 on the Billboard (North America) Mainstream Rock Tracks in 1996.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On January 26, 2010, Eric Bibb released Booker's Guitar (TEL 31756 02) through Telarc International Corporation, after being inspired by playing White's National steel guitar.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> White's "Parchman Farm Blues" was recorded by Jeff Buckley and was released posthumously on the bonus disc of Buckley's album Grace: Legacy Edition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Discography

Singles

• "The Promise True and Grand" / "I am in the Heavenly Way" (Victor, 1930)
• "The New Frisco Train" / "The Panama Limited" (Victor, 1931)
• "Pinebluff Arkansas" / "Shake 'Em On Down" (Vocalion, 1937)
• "When Can I Change My Clothes" / "High Fever Blues" (Vocalion, 1940)
• "Special Stream Line" / "Strange Place Blues" (Vocalion, 1940)
• "Black Train Blues" / "Fixin' to Die Blues" (Vocalion, 1940)
• "Good Gin Blues" / "Bukka's Jitterbug Swing" (Okeh, 1940)
• "Parchman Farm Blues" / "District Attorney Blues" (Okeh, 1940)
• "Sleepy Man Blues" / "Aberdeen Mississippi Blues" (Okeh, 1940)

Studio albums

• Mississippi Blues (Takoma, 1964)√
• Sky Songs (Vol. 1 & 2) (Arhoolie Records, 1965)
• Memphis Hot Shots (Blue Horizon, 1968)
• Big Daddy (Biograph Records, 1974)<ref name="Albums"/>

Live album

• Country Blues (Sparkasse in Concert, 1975)<ref name="Albums"/>

Compilation albums

• Parchman Farm 1937–1940 (Columbia, 1969)
• Baton Rouge Mosby Street (Blues Beacon, 1982)
• Aberdeen Mississippi Blues 1937–1940 (Travelin' Man, 1985)
• Parchman Farm Blues (Orbis Records, 1992)
• Shake' Em on Down (New Rose, 1993)
• The Complete Bukka White 1937–1940 (Columbia, 1994)
• 1963 Isn't 1962 (Adelphi, 1994)
• Good Gin Blues (Drive, 1995)
• Shake 'Em on Down (Catfish, 1998)
• The Panama Limited (ABM, 2000)
• Revisited (Fuel, 2003)
• Aberdeen Mississippi Blues: The Vintage Recordings 1930–1940 (Document, 2003)
• Mississippi Blues Giant (EPM, 2003)
• Fixin' to Die (Snapper, 2004)
• Parchman Farm Blues (Roots, 2004)
• Aberdeen, Mississippi Blues (Sunset Blvd Records, 2019)<ref name="Albums">Template:Cite web</ref>

Footnotes

Citations Template:Reflist

Works cited

• Template:Cite book