Bumin Qaghan

Template:DistinguishTemplate:Short description Template:Infobox monarch Bumin Qaghan (Template:Langx<ref name="Kultegin">Template:Cite web</ref>) or Yamï QaghanTemplate:Efn (Template:Langx, died 552 AD) also known as Illig Qaghan (Chinese: 伊利可汗, Pinyin: Yīlì Kèhán, Wade–Giles: i-li k'o-han) was the founder of the First Turkic Khaganate. He was the eldest son of Ashina Tuwu (吐務 / 吐务).<ref>Ouyang Xiu et al., New Book of Tang, Cilt 215-II Template:In lang</ref> He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Ma Zhangshou">馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou, Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate), pp. 10-11. Template:In lang</ref><ref name="Fengxiang">陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, Template:ISBN (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi, General history of China), p. 155. Template:In lang</ref><ref name="Gao Yang">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Burhan Oğuz">Burhan Oğuz, Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri, İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147. «Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e Template:In lang</ref> He is also mentioned as Tumen (Template:Linktext, Template:Linktext, commander of ten thousand<ref>"Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in Secret History of the Mongols, Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'", Asian folklore studies, Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.</ref>) of the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Beckwith">Template:Cite book</ref>

Early life and reign

According to the History of the Northern Dynasties and the Zizhi Tongjian, in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier of Wei. The chancellor of Western Wei, Yuwen Tai, sent An Nuopanto (安諾盤陀, Nanai-Banda, a Sogdian from Bukhara,<ref>Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008. p. 123. Template:In lang</ref>) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.<ref name="Northern99">Li Yanshou (李延寿), History of Northern Dynasties, Vol. 99. Template:In lang</ref><ref name="Zizhi159">Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 159. Template:In lang</ref> In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of the Tiele tribes against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess to be his wife. The Rouran khagan, Yujiulü Anagui, sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50">Linghu Defen et al., Book of Zhou, Vol. 50. Template:In lang</ref><ref name="Zizhi164">Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 164. Template:In lang</ref><ref>Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present, Princeton University Press, 2009, Template:ISBN, p. 9.</ref> Anagui's "blacksmith" (鍛奴 / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,<ref name="Ma Zhangshou" /><ref name="Fengxiang" /><ref name="Gao Yang" /><ref name="Burhan Oğuz" /> and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.<ref>Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. John Curtis Perry, Bardwell L. Smith, Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces, Brill Archive, 1976, Template:ISBN, p. 65. Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.</ref> Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against the Rouran.

File:First Turk Khaganate(600).PNG

Gokturk khaganate.

In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess for marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sent Princess Changle of Western Wei to Bumin.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" /><ref name="Zizhi164" /> In the same year Emperor Wen of Western Wei died, and Bumin sent a mission and gave two hundred horses.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" />

The beginning of formal diplomatic relations with China propped up Bumin's authority among the Turks. He eventually united the local Turkic tribes and ended their subservience to the Rouran. In 552 Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north of Huaihuang and then Anagui committed suicide.<ref name="Zhou50" /> With their defeat Bumin proclaimed himself "Illig Qaghan" and made his wife qaghatun.<ref name="Zhou50" /> "Illig" means Ilkhan (i.e. ruler of people) in Old Turkic.<ref>Talat Tekin, (1968), A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, p. 58</ref> According to the Bilge Qaghan's memorial complex and the Kul Tigin's memorial complex, Bumin and Istemi ruled people by Turkic laws and they developed them.<ref name="Kultegin" /><ref name="Bilge">Template:Cite web</ref>

Death and family

Bumin died within several months of proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was married to Princess Changle of Western Wei.

Issue:

• Ashina Keluo (阿史那科罗) - Issig Qaghan
• Ashina Qijin (阿史那俟斤) - Muqan Qaghan
• Taspar Qaghan
• Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) - Ditou Qaghan (appointed by Muqan Qaghan to be lesser khagan of eastern wing of Turkic Empire)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Mahan Tigin - Lesser khagan appointed by Taspar Qaghan<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Rudan Qaghan (褥但可汗)<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Böri Qaghan (步離可汗) - Lesser khagan of appointed by Taspar Qaghan<ref name=":0" />

Genetics

File:An Jia with a Turkic Chieftain in Yurt (detail). Xi’an, 579 CE. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an.jpg

Contemporary depiction of the encounter in a Turkic yurt of the Sogdian trader An Jia (left) and a Turkic Chieftain (right). 579 CE, Tomb of An Jia, Xi’an, China.

A complete genetic analysis of Empress Ashina (551–582), Bumin Qaghan' granddaughter through his son Muqan Qaghan, by Xiaoming Yang et al. in 2023 , found nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,7%), and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. This supports the Northeast Asian origin of the Ashina tribe and the Göktürk Khanate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the Türks.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Legacy

He was succeeded by his younger brother Istemi<ref name="MichaelKappler2009">Template:Cite book</ref> in the western part and by his son Issik Qaghan in the eastern part. In less than one century, his khaganate expanded to comprise most of Central Asia.

His accomplishments are mentioned in the Tariat<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Bugut inscriptions.<ref name="proboards">Template:Cite web</ref>