Canadair CT-114 Tutor

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Template:Short description Template:Use Canadian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox aircraft

The Canadair CT-114 Tutor (company model CL-41) is a jet trainer that was designed and produced by Canadian aircraft manufacturer Canadair. It served as the standard jet trainer of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), and later Canadian Armed Forces, between the early 1960s and 2000.

Development commenced as a private venture by the company. On 13 January 1960, the prototype performed its maiden flight; a year and a half later, the Canadian Government placed a major order for the type. The RCAF would be the dominant user of the type, but a limited number were exported as well. Specifically, the CL-41G model, which was supplied to the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), served as a ground-attack aircraft up until its withdrawal.

The Tutor served as the Canadian Armed Forces primary jet trainer from the 1960s up until 2000, at which point it was finally retired from this role. It was replaced by a combination of the newer British-built CT-155 Hawk and American-built CT-156 Harvard II until the retirement of the Hawk fleet in 2024.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> While the majority of Tutors have been retired, a small number are still being used by the RCAF’s Snowbirds aerobatics team.

Development

Origins

The beginnings of the CL-41 Tutor can be found in a decision by Canadian aircraft manufacturer Canadair to develop its own indigenous trainer aircraft as a private venture. The design was the product of the company’s in-house Preliminary Design department.<ref>Dishlevoy 2005, pp. 8–10.</ref><ref name = "norris 22"/> By August 1957, the basic configuration of the design had been completed, which was of a turbojet-powered, low-wing aircraft, complete with a tricycle undercarriage and a side-by-side cockpit arrangement.<ref name = "upton"/> From the onset of development, the aircraft was intended to be a purpose-built trainer for providing elementary jet flight training, as well as additional training up to an advanced level.

Early on, despite a lack of official backing for the endeavour from the Canadian Government, the Royal Canadian Air Force's (RCAF) Directorate of Training’s Jet Trainer Liaison Committee had closely engaged with Canadair; its involvement in the project had reportedly made a significant impact in the final design of the aircraft.<ref name = "upton"/> Both the Canadian Government and Canadair committed financing towards the production of a pair of flight-capable prototypes, as well as multiple static airframes. This early manufacturing activity was performed in a secretive fashion at the company’s Plant 4 facility, which housed Canadair’s Missiles & Systems division.<ref name = "upton">Upton, Bill. "CL-41 Prototype." Canadian Aviation Historical Society, Retrieved: 31 May 2019.</ref>

Flight testing

On 13 January 1960, the prototype performed its maiden flight, flown by project pilot Ian MacTavish. Originally, the first flight has been scheduled to take place in early 1959, but had been delayed due to issues relating to engine development.<ref name = "upton"/> While the prototype was powered by a single Pratt & Whitney JT12A-5 turbojet engine, this would be substituted for by a General Electric J85 powerplant for the subsequent production aircraft that followed.<ref name = "norris 223">Norris 1998, pp. 22–23.</ref> This change of engine had required no redesign as the fuselage had been developed to accommodate a wide range of engines without structural modification being necessary; in addition to the JT12A-5 and J85, the Armstrong-Siddeley Viper ASV11, the Continental Gabizo, the Rolls-Royce RB.108, and the Fairchild J83-R-1 had been studied during the early stages of design work.<ref name = "upton"/>

During March 1960, an RCAF survey team performed a series of preliminary flight evaluations of the CL-41 prototype over the course of one week; prior to this, the team had evaluated various trainers from France, the United States, and the United Kingdom as well.<ref name = "upton"/> According to aviation historian Bill Upton, those who flew the prototype universally praised the aircraft for its favourable handling and performance. The prototypes were subject to an extensive regime of tests, some of which falling outside the traditional scope of such activities.<ref name = "upton"/>

Design

The CT-114 Tutor is a single-engine turbojet-powered trainer aircraft. It was purpose-designed for the training role, and possesses numerous favourable qualities, including a high level of reliability and favourable operating economics.<ref name = "norris 23"/> It is capable of a wide performance range, possessing a top speed at altitude of 795 km/h (429 kt) and a diving speed of 885 km/h (478 kt) against a relatively low stalling speed of 71kt.<ref name = "norris 23">Norris 1998, p. 23.</ref> The Tutor is furnished with manual flight controls, which incorporate spring tabs. It is intentionally aerodynamically stable in flight, a factor which traditionally has aided in the training of fresh pilots unfamiliar with the demands of flight.<ref name = "norris 22"/>

The Tutor features a side-by-side cockpit. During standard operations, the observing instructor was seated on the right-hand side and the student pilot on the left. Normally, only the left-hand side featured full flight controls.<ref name = "norris 23"/> However, following experiences with the Snowbirds display team, a number of aircraft were reconfigured with extra controls so that they would be flyable from either position.<ref name = "norris 23"/> The cabin, which is fitted with a rear-hinged canopy over both crew members, can be pressurized to a differential of 3 psi (20 kPa), the equivalent to an altitude of about 2,000 m, for pilot comfort.Template:Citation needed

For aerial display purposes, the Tutor was readily capable of being fitted with a smoke generator, including a pair of under-fuselage pods to house the pressurized diesel fuel used; the use of red dye in the smoke was discontinued fairly quickly as it was found to be highly corrosive.<ref name = "norris 23"/> Various other modifications would also be made to display aircraft; these could be routinely installed and uninstalled as airframes would regularly be exchanged between display and training flights.<ref name = "norris 23"/>

Operational history

Overview

File:CFBMooseJaw01.JPG
CT-114 Tutor of 2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School at CFB Moose Jaw in early 1982
File:CFBMooseJaw02.JPG
CT-114 Tutors belonging to 2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School parked on the ramp at CFB Moose Jaw, 1982

During September 1961, the Canadian government, having been impressed by the performance of the prototype and being keen to support local industry, placed a sizeable order for 190 examples of the production variant, referred to as the CL-41A, on behalf of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Upon its adoption, the aircraft received the Canadian unified aircraft designation of CT-114 Tutor. The majority of the type was stationed at CFB Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, in Western Canada; the Central Flying School at CFB Winnipeg, Manitoba, also made heavy use of the Tutor.<ref name = "norris 22"/><ref name = "rcaf"/>

Serving as a primary trainer platform, the Tutor was used in this capacity for over thirty years. During 1976, the Canadian Armed Forces decided to have 113 of the remaining aircraft furnished with upgraded avionics and provisions for a pair of belly-mounted Template:Convert external fuel tanks.Template:Citation needed By 1998, it was reported that around 120 examples of the type were still in regular service with the Canadian Armed Forces.<ref name = "norris 22">Norris 1998, p. 22.</ref> During 2000, the majority of Tutors were retired, with type being succeeded as the RCAF's principal training aircraft by a combination of the newer British-built CT-155 Hawk and American-built CT-156 Harvard II until 2024.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name = "rcaf"/> Since then, it has continued to be used in limited numbers by the service for both experimental (by the Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment (AETE) at CFB Cold Lake, Alberta) and aerial display purposes. By 2019, there were 24 examples registered as in service with the RCAF.<ref name = "rcaf">"CT-114 Tutor." Template:Webarchive airforce.forces.gc.ca, Retrieved: 31 May 2019.</ref>

Aerobatics

File:Snowbirds aircraft at an airshow.jpg
Snowbirds at an airshow

During 1967, a batch of ten Tutors were modified for use as a formation aerobatic aircraft by the RCAF (and later the unified Canadian Armed Forces) display team, the Golden Centennaires to celebrate Canada's centennial year. At the end of the 1967 season, the display team was disbanded, thus its aircraft returned to routine training duties. In 1971, a new formation team was formed at 2CFFTS (Two Canadian Armed Forces Flying Training School) at CFB Moose Jaw, and once again adopted the type. The following year, the name "Snowbirds" was chosen for the team; during 1978, the team received squadron status as 431 Air Demonstration Squadron.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Since its formation, the Snowbirds display team has regularly performed at air shows and special events, including the annual flypast on Canada Day over the capital city, Ottawa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to journalist Guy Norris, a defining trait of their aerobatics is the physically-demanding formation flights performed, as well as locally-developed manoeuvres such as the ‘Big Goose’. Unlike most display teams, the Snowbirds do not have a support aircraft; all spares and useful material could be carried by the aircraft themselves in storage areas located in the nose or the wing root.<ref name = "norris 223"/>

Those Tutors used by the Snowbirds feature several modifications distinguishing them from standard examples; these include a smoke generating system, a highly-recognisable paint scheme unique to the display team, and a highly-tuned engine for greater responsiveness during low-level flying.<ref name = "rcaf"/> Reportedly, display pilots would deliberately fly their aircraft using an above-average level of nose-down trim so that pushing the stick down would become unnecessary.<ref name = "norris 22"/> The Snowbirds' aircraft would regularly be cycled with standard training aircraft, allowing the team to operate airframes with comparatively low accumulated flight hours.<ref name = "norris 23"/>

Overseas and proposed uses

Canadair also developed an armament training and light attack variant, designated CL-41G. This model was powered by an uprated engine and fitted with underwing hard points, the latter of which allowed for the carriage of various external stores, including up to 4,000 lb (1814 kg) of weapons and drop tanks. During March 1966, the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) ordered a batch of twenty (serials M-22-01 to M22-11) examples of the CL-41G-5 Tebuan (which means Wasp in the Malay language) aircraft as counterinsurgency (COIN) aircraft. In 1967, the Tebuan entered service in Malaysia. The RMAF operated the type in excess of twenty years, the last Tebuan being withdrawn from service during June 1986, having been replaced by the Italian Aermacchi MB-339A.Template:Citation needed Following their retirement, the majority of the fleet was retained and placed into local storage for over a decade.<ref name = "norris 22"/>

File:Canadair CF-104 12822 RCAF with CL-41R (mfr H-93 via RJF) (17136018672).jpg
CL-41R with an RCAF CF-104

One other experimental variant was developed, designated CL-41R, which was fitted with the nose of an F-104 Starfighter, as a proposed electronic systems trainer for future RCAF CF-104 pilots. A single airframe (CF-LTX-X) was constructed to demonstrate the concept, however, the R model did not attract any orders and thus never went into production.Template:Citation neededAs of August 2019, the airframe was awaiting restoration at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum.Template:Citation needed

Variants

CL-41
Two prototypes, CF-LTW-X and CF-LTX-X used for company engineering and testing program
CL-41A
A total of 190 trainers produced for RCAF and CF use as the CT-114. A number were modified with smoke generating systems and other modifications for the Snowbirds aerobatic team
CL-41G
Unique version for the Royal Malayan Air Force (RMAF). A total of 20 ground-attack variants, known as the "Tebuan" in service with RMAF.
CL-41R
One conversion of CF-LTX-X with a CF-104 nose grafted on to demonstrate the use of CF-104/F-104G radar and avionics; no production examples were built.

Operators

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  • Royal Malaysian Air Force (CL-41G Tebuan)
    • 6 Squadron 1967–1985
    • 9 Squadron 1967–1985
    • Training Division FTC 1966 or 1967– retired and replaced with A-4 PTM Skyhawks

Aircraft on display

File:Golden Centennaires Tutor.jpg
Tutor prototype on display at Southport Aerospace, Manitoba, in Golden Centennaires livery

Surviving aircraft

File:Canadair Tutor Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment.jpg
Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment Canadair Tutor
File:CT-114 cockpit CWHM.jpg
CT-114 cockpit

Although the CL-41 Tutor has been retired from active training, 26 Tutors continue to fly with the Canadian Armed Forces Snowbirds and the Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment at CFB Cold Lake or are in short-term storage.<ref name="Official">Template:Cite web</ref>

As of August 2011, there were three CL-41Gs and one CT-114 on the U.S. civil registry, while none were so registered in Canada.<ref name="FAAReg">"Make / Model Inquiry Results CL41." Template:Webarchive Federal Aviation Administration, August 2011. Retrieved: 15 August 2011.</ref><ref name="FAAReg2">"Make / Model Inquiry Results CT-114." Template:Webarchive Federal Aviation Administration, August 2011. Retrieved: 15 August 2011.</ref><ref name="TCCAR">"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Canadair CT-114." Transport Canada, August 2011. Retrieved: 15 August 2011.</ref>

During 2001, a CL-41G was given to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida, by actor John Travolta.<ref>Ross, Bob. "John Travolta Donates Jet to Embry-Riddle." Template:Webarchive Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, November 2001. Retrieved: 6 September 2009.</ref>

Specifications (CL-41A – CT-114)

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See also

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References

Citations

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Bibliography

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  • Dishlevoy, Roy W. "Hatching the Snowbirds: The Canadair CL-41/CT-114 Tutor, Its Early History Remembered." CAHS Journal, Vol, 45, No. 1, Spring 2007.
  • Green, William. Macdonald Aircraft Handbook. London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1964.
  • Molson, Ken M. and Harold A. Taylor. Canadian Aircraft Since 1909. Stittsville, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc., 1982. Template:ISBN.
  • Norris, Guy. “Rocky Mountain High.” ‘’Flight International’’, 6 January 1998. pp. 22–23.
  • Pickler, Ron and Larry Milberry. Canadair: The First 50 Years. Toronto: Canav Books, 1995. Template:ISBN.

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