Canton of Jura

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox settlement The Republic and Canton of Jura (officially in Template:Langx<ref>Jura (canton), in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.</ref>), less formally the Canton of Jura or Canton Jura (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:IPA),Template:Needs IPA is the newest (founded in 1979) of the 26 Swiss cantons, located in the northwestern part of Switzerland. The capital is Delémont. It shares borders with the canton of Basel-Landschaft, the canton of Bern, the canton of Neuchatel, the canton of Solothurn, and the French regions of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and Grand Est.

History

Template:Further

Old city of Porrentruy

The king of Burgundy donated much of the land that today makes up canton Jura to the bishop of Basel in 999. The area was a sovereign state within the Holy Roman Empire for more than 800 years. After the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the Jura had close ties with the Swiss Confederation. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the Jura region became part of the canton of Bern. This act caused dissension. The Jura was French-speaking and Roman Catholic, whereas the canton of Bern was mostly German-speaking and Protestant.

After World War II, a separatist movement campaigned for a secession of Jura from the canton of Bern. After a long and partly militant struggle, which included some arson attacks by a youth organisation Les Béliers, a constitution was accepted in 1977. In 1978, the split was made official when the Swiss people voted in favour, and in 1979, Jura joined the Swiss Confederation as a full member. The canton celebrated its independence from the canton of Bern on 23 June 1979. However, the southern part of the region, which is also predominantly French-speaking but has a Protestant majority, opted not to join the newly formed canton, instead remaining part of the canton of Bern. The area is now known as Bernese Jura. The word Jura, therefore, may refer either to canton Jura, or to the combined territory of canton Jura and the Bernese Jura. Switzerland as a whole often presents the latter from a touristic standpoint with documentation easily available in French or German.

The coat of arms of the canton has been added to the side of the dome in the Federal Palace in Bern, which features the arms of the other cantons, after its foundation in 1978

On creation, the canton adopted the title Republic and Canton of Jura. Other cantons in Switzerland using the title "Republic and Canton" are Ticino, Geneva, and Neuchâtel. In each case, the title refers to the autonomy of the canton and its nominal sovereignty within the Swiss Confederation.

Since 1994, the question of the Jura region has again been controversial. In 2004, a federal commission proposed that the French-speaking southern Jura be united with the canton of Jura, as the language question now seems to be more important than the denominational one. A possible solution would be to create two half-cantons, as reunification with the creation of only a single canton would mean a complete restructuring of Jura's current political system, with the cantonal capital being transferred from Delémont to Moutier.

On 18 June 2017, the town of Moutier voted to secede from the canton of Bern and join the canton of Jura in a referendum. On 17 September 2017, the nearby municipalities of Belprahon and Sorvilier conversely voted to remain in the canton of Bern.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The vote in Moutier was later declared invalid.<ref>Swiss Info 5 November 2018</ref> On 28 March 2021, Moutier again voted to secede from Bern and join Jura in an officially sanctioned referendum.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The changeover is expected to be implemented by 2026.

Geography

Canton Jura lies in the northwest of Switzerland. It consists of parts of the Jura mountains in the south and the Jura plateau in the north. The Jura plateau is hilly and almost entirely limestone. The districts of Ajoie and Franches-Montagnes lie in this region. The term "Jurassic" is derived from the Jura Alps, strata of which give the era its name.

To the north and the west of the canton lies France. The canton of Solothurn and Basel-Landschaft are to east of the canton, while the canton of Bern bounds the Jura to the south. The rivers Doubs and the Birs drain the lands. The Doubs joins the Saône and then the Rhône, whereas the Birs is a tributary to the Rhine.

Political subdivisions

Districts

Districts in the canton of Jura

Jura is divided into 3 districts:

Municipalities

Template:Main There are 50 municipalities in the canton (Template:As of).

Politics

Federal election results

Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the National Council Elections 1971-2019<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
Party Ideology 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019
LRP.The Liberal-RadicalsTemplate:Ref style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Classical liberalism Template:Ref Template:Ref 30.9 28.8 33.4 35.1 29.5 19.5 16.3 13.4 9.5 16.8 9.1
CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Christian democracy Template:Ref Template:Ref 37.7 25.1 33.0 36.0 38.2 39.2 39.5 25.0 33.2 27.6 22.8
SP/PS style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Social democracy Template:Ref Template:Ref * Template:Ref 17.8 25.5 28.8 32.4 34.2 34.2 36.9 30.8 23.7 27.0
SVP/UDC style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Swiss nationalism Template:Ref Template:Ref * 2.0 * * * 7.2 8.3 13.7 15.5 12.8 14.5
CSP/PCS style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Christian socialism Template:Ref Template:Ref * 11.8 8.1 * * * * 11.0 * 6.6 9.6
PdA/PST-POP/PC/PSL style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Socialism Template:Ref Template:Ref * * * * * * * * * 3.8 *
GPS/PES style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Green politics Template:Ref Template:Ref * * * * * * * * 11.0 7.3 15.6
EDU/UDF style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Christian right Template:Ref Template:Ref * * * * * * 1.8 * * * *
Other Template:Ref Template:Ref 31.4 14.5 * * * * * * * 1.4 1.4
Voter participation % Template:Ref Template:Ref 58.6 61.4 51.6 43.4 42.4 40.9 46.6 44.0 44.4 54.3 42.6
Template:Note RDP before 2010
Template:Note "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.
Template:Note Part of the canton of Bern

Demographics

The population is almost entirely French-speaking. Just one municipality is German-speaking: Ederswiler. The majority of the population is Roman Catholic (75% Template:As of) with a small Protestant minority (13%).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The population of the canton (as of Template:Swiss populations date) was Template:Swiss populations.Template:Swiss populations ref Template:As of, the population included 8,195 foreigners, or about 11.8% of the total population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Historic population

The historical population is given in the following chart:<ref name=HDS>Template:HDS</ref> <timeline> Colors= 

 id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
 id:darkgrey  value:gray(0.8)

ImageSize = width:700 height:500 PlotArea = height:350 left: 100 bottom:90 right:100 Legend = columns:3 left:220 top:70 columnwidth:160 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:69000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:14000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:2800 start:0 Colors= 

id:TO     value:yellowgreen      legend:Total
id:FR     value:teal      legend:French_Speaking
id:GE     value:green      legend:German_Speaking
id:PR     value:lightpurple      legend:Protestant
id:CA     value:oceanblue      legend:Catholic
id:SW     value:red      legend:Swiss

PlotData= 

 color:yellowgreen width:40   mark:(line,white) align:center
 bar:1850 from:start till:44921 text:"44,921" color:TO
 bar:1880 from:start till:52116 text:"52,116" color:TO
 bar:1900 from:start till:57575 text:"57,575" color:TO
 bar:1950 from:start till:59554 text:"59,554" color:TO
 bar:1970 from:start till:67325 text:"67,325" color:TO
 bar:2000 from:start till:68224 text:"68,224" color:TO

LineData = 

 points:(200,325)(300,339)  color:FR
 points:(300,339)(400,346)  color:FR
 points:(400,346)(500,370)  color:FR
 points:(500,370)(600,401)  color:FR
 points:(200,120)(300,127)  color:GE
 points:(300,127)(400,131)  color:GE
 points:(400,131)(500,119)  color:GE
 points:(500,119)(600,105)  color:GE
 points:(100,95)(200,109)  color:PR
 points:(200,109)(300,126)  color:PR
 points:(300,126)(400,143)  color:PR
 points:(400,143)(500,142)  color:PR
 points:(500,142)(600,133)  color:PR
 points:(100,312)(200,334)  color:CA
 points:(200,334)(300,345)  color:CA
 points:(300,345)(400,336)  color:CA
 points:(400,336)(500,376)  color:CA
 points:(500,376)(600,349)  color:CA
 points:(100,304)(200,333)  color:SW
 points:(200,333)(300,353)  color:SW
 points:(300,353)(400,378)  color:SW
 points:(400,378)(500,389)  color:SW
 points:(500,389)(600,392)  color:SW

</timeline>

Economy

Agriculture is important in canton Jura. Cattle breeding is significant, but there is also horse breeding (the Franches-Montagnes is the last Swiss horse race). The main industries are watches, textiles and tobacco. There is a growing number of small and medium-sized businesses. In 2001, there were 3,578 people who worked in the primary economic sector. 14,109 people were employed in the secondary sector and 16,513 people were employed in the tertiary sector.<ref name=HDS/>

In 2001, the canton produced 0.9% of the entire Swiss national income while it had 0.9% of the total population.<ref name=HDS/> In 2005, the average share of the national income per resident of the canton was 38,070 CHF, while the national average was 54,031 CHF, or about 70% of the national income per person.<ref name=BFS_regions>Regionale Disparitäten in der Schweiz - Schlüsselindikatoren Template:Webarchive Template:In lang accessed 20 December 2011</ref> Between 2003 and 2005, the average income grew at a rate of 6.4%, which was larger than the national rate of 5.3%. The average taxes in the canton are higher than in most cantons, in 2006, the tax index in the canton was 126.6 (Swiss average is 100.0). In 2006, the canton had the highest final tax rate on high wage earners (15.26% on a married couple with two children earning 150,000 CHF vs 11.6% nationally), though the tax rate was in the middle for lower-income families.<ref name=BFS_regions/>

Transport

The canton does not have its own airport. The nearest airport is EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg, which is located Template:Convert north east of Delémont.

Culture

The eau de vie Damassine is one typical produce of the Ajoie area. (see Terroir Jura and Jura Infos)

See also

Notes and references

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Ganguillet, Gilbert: Le conflit jurassien. Un cas de mobilisation ethno-régionale en Suisse, Zürich 1986.
  • Harder, Hans-Joachim: Der Kanton Jura. Ursachen und Schritte zur Lösung eines Schweizer Minderheitenproblems, Frankfurt am Main 1978.
  • Hauser, Claude: Aux origines intellectuelles de la Question jurassienne. Culture et politique entre la France et la Suisse romande (1910–1950), Diss. Fribourg 1997.
  • Henecka, Hans Peter: Die jurassischen Separatisten. Eine Studie zur Soziologie des ethnischen Konflikts und der sozialen Bewegung, Meisenheim am Glan 1972.
  • Jenkins, John R.G.: Jura Separatism in Switzerland, Oxford 1986.
  • Ruch, Christian: Struktur und Strukturwandel des jurassischen Separatismus zwischen 1974 und 1994, Bern 2001.
  • Schwander, Marcel: Jura. Konfliktstoff für Jahrzehnte, Zürich/Köln 1977.
  • Steppacher, Burkard: Die Jurafrage in der Schweiz, München 1985.

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