Carnival Corporation & plc

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File:Carnival House, Southampton - geograph.org.uk - 7564550.jpg
Carnival House, Southampton

Carnival Corporation & plc is an Anglo-American cruise line operator that owns more than 90 vessels across eight brands.<ref name="brands"/>

A dual-listed company, Carnival is composed of the Panama-incorporated, U.S.-headquartered Carnival Corporation, and UK-based Carnival plc, which function as one entity. Carnival Corporation is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and Carnival plc on the London Stock Exchange with an ADR listing on the NYSE.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Carnival is listed in the S&P 500 and FTSE 250 indices.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Carnival Corporation's operational headquarters are in Doral, Florida.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Carnival plc's headquarters are in Southampton, England.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Note that the city name specified is "Miami, Florida" but the headquarters is actually in the Doral CDP as seen in the 2010 U.S. census maps, from the U.S. Census Bureau, of Doral: Index Map and Page 4. Note that U.S. postal address city names do not always adhere to municipal boundaries (see the postal address portion this page for further information).</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:TOC limit

History

Carnival Corporation was founded as the privately owned Carnival Cruise Line in 1972. The company grew steadily throughout the 1970s and 1980s. It went public in 1987 with an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange, and used the money to buy up competing cruise lines. Between 1989 and 1999, it acquired Holland America Line, Windstar Cruises, Westours, Seabourn Cruise Line, Costa Cruises and Cunard Line. It adopted the name Carnival Corporation in 1993, to distinguish the parent company from its flagship cruise line subsidiary.<ref name=timeline/>

P&O Princess Cruises plc was formed in 2000, after the demerger of the cruise ship division of the P&O group.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Originating as the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company in England in 1837, P&O operated the world's first commercial cruise ships. Restructuring of the P&O group in the 20th century led to its cruise operations being rebranded as P&O Cruises and P&O Cruises Australia, with the company acquiring Princess Cruises in 1974. Following the demerger in 2000, the company also acquired AIDA Cruises,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as establishing the A'Rosa Cruises and Ocean Village brands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2003, Carnival Corporation acquired P&O Princess Cruises plc.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was agreed that P&O Princess Cruises plc would remain a separate company, listed on the London Stock Exchange and retaining its British shareholder body and management team. The company was renamed Carnival plc, with the operations of the two companies merged into one entity. Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc jointly own all the operating companies in the Carnival group.<ref name="P&Odeal">Template:Cite news</ref> Prior to Carnival Corporation's acquisition, P&O Princess Cruises plc had agreed to a merger with Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. The deal unraveled as Carnival Corporation initiated a hostile takeover with improved terms for British shareholders.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>

Carnival sold Windstar Cruises to Ambassadors Group in February 2007<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Swan Hellenic to Lord Sterling in March 2007.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In October 2015, CSSC Carnival Cruise Shipping, a joint venture between Carnival, the China Investment Corporation, and the China State Shipbuilding Corporation, was founded, with operations expected to commence in 2019.<ref name="Reuters">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In March 2018, Carnival Corporation announced its intention to invest in the construction of a new terminal in the port of Sasebo, Japan. It is expected to open in 2020.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In June 2018, Carnival Corporation announced that it had acquired the White Pass and Yukon Route from TWC Enterprises Limited for US$290 million. The properties acquired were port, railroad and retail operations in Skagway, Alaska.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2023, Carnival Corporation sold their interest in Adora Cruises.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In May 2025, it was announced Carnival would move its headquarters from Doral and create a new campus where it would unite most of its North America team members in a single new headquarters to be built in the Waterford Business District,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> located in Miami-Dade County. It is scheduled to begin operations in 2028.<ref name=Sreeharshamove>Template:Cite news</ref>

Operations

The Carnival group comprises nine cruise line brands and one cruise experience brand operating a combined fleet of 93 ships.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In June 2023, Carnival restructured its corporate umbrella and created six new separate units that have full executive control of the brands in their portfolio.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Carnival Cruise Line

Carnival Maritime

Carnival UK

Holland America Group

Princess Cruises

Brands and ships

AIDA Cruises

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AIDA Cruises originated from the state-owned East German shipping conglomerate Deutsche Seereederei, established in Rostock, Germany, in 1952.<ref name="aida">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The company entered the passenger market in the 1960s, but after the unification of Germany in 1990, the company was privatised and its passenger ships acquired by Deutsche Seetouristik. In 1996, the company launched its first new cruise ship AIDA, but after failing to achieve a profit, the ship was sold to Norwegian Cruise Line, continuing operations under a charter agreement.<ref name="aida" />

In 1999, Deutsche Seetouristik was acquired by British shipping company P&O, with the AIDA name being repurchased from NCL. P&O formed AIDA Cruises as a subsidiary brand, with two new ships ordered to form a fleet. AIDA was renamed AIDAcara, with AIDAvita and AIDAaura launched in 2002 and 2003 respectively.<ref name="aida" /> Carnival ordered new builds due in 2030& 2032.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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Carnival Cruise Line

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Carnival Cruise Line was founded in 1972 as a subsidiary of American International Travel Service (AITS), by Ted Arison and Meshulam Riklis.<ref name="timeline" /> Due to mounting debts, Riklis sold his stake in the company to Arison for $1 in 1974. Through the acquisition of existing ships the company continued to grow. In 1980, Carnival ordered its first new commission, the Tropicale, which was completed in 1981/2.<ref name="timeline" /> Three further ships were commissioned during the 1980s, the Holiday (1985), Jubilee (1986) and Celebration (1987).<ref name="timeline" />

In 1987, Carnival completed an initial public offering of 20 percent of its common stock on the New York Stock Exchange, raising approximately $400m in capital.<ref name="timeline" /> The capital raised was used to finance acquisitions, so in 1993 the business was restructured as a holding company, under the name Carnival Corporation, with Carnival Cruise Line becoming its principal subsidiary.<ref name="timeline" />

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Costa Cruises

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Costa Cruises originates from a cargo shipping company founded by Giacomo Costa fu Andrea in Genoa, Italy in 1854.<ref name="costa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Better known as Costa Line or C Line by the 1920s, its first passenger carrier was Maria C, a former U.S. Navy stores ship that was partly converted for passenger use and served various routes to North and South America from 1947 to 1953.<ref name="costa" /> The company's first dedicated passenger ship was the Anna C, a cargo vessel that was requisitioned for war time use by the Royal Navy and refitted as an accommodation ship before returning to merchant use.<ref name="costa" />

Costa purchased the ship in 1947 and it operated between Italy and South America from 1948, later converting to full-time cruising and serving with the company until 1971. From the late 1960s until the 1980s, Costa rapidly developed its passenger operations into what we now recognise as modern cruise ships. In 1987, it consolidated its cruise ship operations into a new company, Costa Cruises, which at its peak, was the largest cruise ship operator in the world.<ref name="Wall Street Journal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The takeover of Costa Cruises by Carnival Corporation began in 1997, as a 50/50 deal between Carnival and the British tour operator Airtours.<ref name="Wall Street Journal" /> On January 13, 2012, Costa Concordia, a ship operated by the line, hit an underwater rock and ran aground in Isola del Giglio, Tuscany, resulting in 32 deaths. Investigations proved that the captain and general bad organization was responsible for the disaster, and the company was fined.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Div col

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Cunard Line

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The second oldest brand in the Carnival group after P&O, Cunard Line originated in 1840 and celebrated its 180th anniversary in 2020. It was founded by Samuel Cunard, who was awarded the first trans-Atlantic mail contract in 1837 and established the British and North American Royal Mail Steam-Packet Company in 1840.<ref>Langley, John G. (2006). Steam Lion. Nimbus</ref> After initially dominating the trans-Atlantic route, the need for new capital led to the company being re-organised as the Cunard Steamship Company Ltd in 1879.<ref>Gibbs, Charles Robert Vernon (1957). Passenger Liners of the Western Ocean: A Record of Atlantic Steam and Motor Passenger Vessels from 1838 to the Present Day. John De Graff. pp. 52–92</ref> The early 1900s saw increased competition for speed, particularly from Germany, which led the British government to subsidise the building of Mauretania and Lusitania, which both won the Blue Riband. Competition continued to increase however and by the early 1930s, Cunard was experiencing financial difficulties.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To secure further government subsidy, it agreed to merge with its chief rival White Star Line, to form Cunard-White Star Line in 1934.<ref>Gibbs, Charles Robert Vernon (1957). Passenger Liners of the Western Ocean: A Record of Atlantic Steam and Motor Passenger Vessels from 1838 to the Present Day. John De Graff. pp. 52–92.</ref> Cunard later purchased the remaining White Star shares in 1947, reverting to the name Cunard Line in 1949. Cunard continued to operate independently until 1971, when it was acquired by the conglomerate Trafalgar House, which was in turn taken over by the Norwegian company Kværner in 1996.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1998, Carnival Corporation purchased a controlling stake in Cunard, completing the acquisition in 1999 to become sole shareholder.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since that time, Cunard has been one of Carnival's most high-profile brands, with the continued popularity of the famous Queen Elizabeth 2, and the development of the world's largest transatlantic ocean liner, Queen Mary 2, which continues to be the flagship of the fleet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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Holland America Line

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Holland America Line originated as Plate, Reuchlin & Company, founded in Rotterdam, Netherlands, in 1871. Initially struggling to survive, the company went public in 1873, renamed Nederlandsch Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij (NASM).<ref name="hal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The company grew quickly in the early years, acquiring several new ships, including SS Rotterdam, which operated the company's first passenger cruise in 1895. The company also quickly became known by its shortened English name, Holland America Line. By the early 1900s, the company had separated its cargo and passenger operations, with its passenger ships being identifiable by names ending with dam, a tradition which continues with Holland America cruise ships today. The development of container shipping in the 1960s, forced the company to make a decision between investing in new cargo ships, or cruise ships. It ultimately sold its cargo operations, becoming exclusively a cruise ship company in 1973.<ref name="hal" /> Holland America continued to thrive well into the 1980s, consolidating its business with the acquisitions of Westours, Windstar Cruises and Home Lines. In 1989 however, it was itself the subject of an acquisition, when it was purchased in full by Carnival Corporation.<ref name="hal" /> Template:Div col

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P&O Cruises

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P&O Cruises was originally a subsidiary of the British shipping company P&O and was founded in 1977.<ref name="founded1977">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Along with P&O Cruises Australia, it has the oldest heritage of any cruise line in the world, dating to P&O's first passenger operations in 1837.<ref name="P&Oaustralia">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="oldestheritage">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="firstcruises">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> P&O Cruises was divested from P&O in 2000, subsequently becoming a subsidiary of P&O Princess Cruises,<ref name="P&Oprincess">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> before coming under the ownership of Carnival Corporation & plc in 2003, following the merger between P&O Princess Cruises and Carnival Corporation.<ref name="P&Odeal" /> P&O Cruises is based in Southampton, England, and operates a fleet of seven ships, dedicated to serving the British market.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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Princess Cruises

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Seabourn Cruise Line

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Ships on Order

Carnival Corporation currently has 8 ships under construction or under agreement, worth a value of approximately $11.3billion and consisting of 42,100 future berths.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Carnival Corp Order Book<ref name=":0" />
Cruise Line Name Cost (millions) Shipyard Tonnage Capacity Delivery
Princess Cruises Star Princess $1,000 Fincantieri 175,000 4,300 Q4 2025
Carnival Carnival Festivale<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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$1,200 Meyer Werft 183,900 5,400 2027
Carnival Carnival Tropicale<ref name=":1" /> $1,200 Meyer Werft 183,900 5,400 2028
Carnival citation CitationClass=web

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$1,750 Fincantieri 230,000 6,200 2029
AIDA Unnamed<ref name=":1" /> $1,300 Fincantieri 150,000 4,200 2030
Carnival Project Ace<ref name=":2" /> $1,750 Fincantieri 230,000 6,200 2031
AIDA Unnamed<ref name=":1" /> $1,300 Fincantieri 150,000 4,200 2031
Carnival Project Ace<ref name=":2" /> $1,750 Fincantieri 230,000 6,200 2033

Former brands

Private Islands & Beach Resorts

Carnival Corporation has multiple privates islands and beach ports used by their different brands.

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  • Celebration Key: located the south side of Grand Bahama island, private beach resort for Carnival corporation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Incidents & Violations

Violations of environmental laws

In 2002 the Carnival Corporation pleaded guilty in United States District Court in Miami to criminal charges related to falsifying records of the oil-contaminated bilge water that six of its ships dumped into the sea from 1996 through 2001. The Carnival Corporation was ordered to pay $18 million in fines and perform community service, received five years' probation and must submit to a court-supervised worldwide environmental-compliance program for each of its cruise ships.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

For dumping oiled waste into the seas and lying to cover it up, Princess Cruise Lines was fined $40 million in 2016. According to federal authorities, it was the "largest-ever criminal penalty" for intentional vessel pollution. Officials said that these practices began in 2005 and persisted until August 2013, when a newly hired engineer blew the whistle. As part of its plea agreement, ships of the parent company Carnival Cruise lines were subjected to a court supervised environmental compliance plan for five years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

For violation of the probation terms of 2016 Carnival and its Princess line were ordered to pay an additional $20 million penalty in 2019. The new violations included discharging plastic into waters in The Bahamas, falsifying records, and interfering with court supervision.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

All cruise ship itineraries were cancelled in March 2020 due to the worldwide pandemic and eventually, 55 passengers on ships owned by Carnival Corporation & plc were reported as having died.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> After months of cancelled cruises, Carnival Corporation & plc announced in September 2020 that it intended to dispose of 18 ships, a full 12% of the global fleet. By that time, five ships had already been scrapped: Carnival Fantasy, Carnival Fascination, Carnival Imagination, Carnival Inspiration and Costa Victoria.<ref name="National Post per Washington Post">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

The corporation also announced that it was delaying the delivery of several ships already on order. These steps were part of the company's cost-cutting plan, important because the "pause in guest operations continues to have a material negative impact on all aspects of the company's business, including the company's liquidity, financial position and results of operations".<ref name="National Post per Washington Post" /> The adjusted net loss in the third quarter was reported by the corporation to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as US$1.7 billion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As of September 2020, the no-sail rule by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention prohibited cruising in the U.S. until October 31, 2020, at the earliest. Members of the Cruise Lines International Association, including Carnival Corporation & plc, had announced in early August that its members were extending a voluntary suspension until October 31; that applied to cruises that were to depart from the U.S. or planned to stop at U.S. ports of call.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In November 2020, the CEO said he was confident that "universal testing, which doesn't exist in any other industry of scale" would help start the cruising industry.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The company's fourth quarter (ending 30 November 2020) financial statement released on January 11, 2021, indicated that one extra ship, in addition to the 18 previously planned, was to be sold. Carnival Corporation was in an excellent cash position, with US$9.5 billion, but suffered an adjusted net loss of $1.9 billion in the quarter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable former ships

File:Collision of Costa Concordia 11.jpg
Costa Concordia after sinking

Carnival has had various notable ships in the past including:

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  • Rotterdam (Holland America Line) – The flagship of Holland America Line for 40 years. She was sold to Premier Cruises in 1997 and renamed Rembrandt. She currently operates under her original name as a floating hotel and museum in Rotterdam, Netherlands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Costa Concordia (Costa Cruises) – Struck a rock and sank off the coast of Isola del Giglio, Italy in 2012, in the Costa Concordia disaster.<ref name=costaconcordia>Template:Cite news</ref> Thirty-two passengers and crew members were killed, along with one salvage operator, while 64 other people were injured.<ref name=costaconcordia/>
  • Adonia (Fathom and P&O Cruises) – First cruise ship to sail to Cuba from the United States mainland (in 2019) since the United States embargo against Cuba over 40 years prior.<ref name="adoniacuba">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was sold to Azamara Club Cruises in 2018 and renamed Azamara Pursuit.<ref name="azamarapursuit">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Oriana (P&O Cruises) – The first cruise ship commissioned for the UK market.<ref name="oriana">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was sold to Astro Ocean in 2019 and renamed Piano Land.<ref name="pianoland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Adora Magic City (Adora Cruises) - The first cruise ship built in China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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References

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