Carole Lombard
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Carole Lombard (born Jane Alice Peters; October 6, 1908 – January 16, 1942) was an American actress, particularly noted for her energetic, often off-beat roles in screwball comedies. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Lombard 23rd on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema.
Lombard was born into a wealthy family in Fort Wayne, Indiana, but was raised in Los Angeles by her single mother. At 12, she was recruited by director Allan Dwan and made her screen debut in A Perfect Crime (1921). She signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation at age 16, but mainly played bit parts and was dropped after a year. Her career came close to ending shortly before her 19th birthday when a shattered windshield from a car accident left a scar on her face,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but she overcame this challenge and appeared in 15 short comedies for Mack Sennett from 1927 to 1929, and then began appearing in feature films such as High Voltage (1929) and The Racketeer (1929). After a successful appearance in The Arizona Kid (1930), she was signed to a contract by Paramount Pictures.
Paramount quickly began casting Lombard as a leading lady, primarily in drama films. Her profile increased when she married William Powell in 1931, but the couple divorced amicably after two years. A turning point in Lombard's career came when she starred in Howard Hawks's pioneering screwball comedy Twentieth Century (1934). The actress found her niche in this genre, and continued to appear in films such as Hands Across the Table (1935, forming a popular partnership with Fred MacMurray); My Man Godfrey (1936), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and co-starring with Powell; and Nothing Sacred (1937). At this time, Lombard married Clark Gable, and the supercouple gained much attention from the media. Keen to win an Oscar, Lombard began to move toward serious roles at the end of the decade. Unsuccessful in this aim, she returned to comedy in Alfred Hitchcock's Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941) and Ernst Lubitsch's To Be or Not to Be (1942), her final film role.
Lombard died at the age of 33 in the crash of TWA Flight 3 on Mount Potosi, Nevada, while returning from a war bond tour. She was one of the definitive actresses of the screwball comedy genre and American comedy and an icon of American cinema.
Life and career
Early life and education (1908–1920)
Lombard was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, on October 6, 1908, at 704 Rockhill Street.<ref>Indiana, Birth Certificates, 1907–1940.</ref> Christened Jane Alice Peters, she was the third child and only daughter of Frederic Christian Peters and Elizabeth Jayne "Bessie" (Knight) Peters. Her two older brothers, with whom she was close all her life, were Frederic Charles and John Stuart.Template:Sfn Lombard's parents both came from wealthy families, and biographer Robert Matzen called her early years her "silver spoon period".Template:Sfnm Her parents' marriage was strained,Template:Sfn and in October 1914, her mother took the children and moved to Los Angeles.Template:Sfn Although the couple did not divorce, the separation was permanent.Template:Sfn Her father's continued financial support allowed the family to live comfortably, and they settled into an apartment near Venice Boulevard.Template:Sfn
At Virgil Junior High School, Lombard participated in tennis, volleyball, and swimming, and won trophies in athletics.Template:Sfn At the age of 12, her passion for sports landed Lombard her first screen role. While playing baseball, she caught the attention of film director Allan Dwan, who later recalled seeing "a cute-looking little tomboy... out there knocking the hell out of the other kids, playing better baseball than they were. And I needed someone of her type for this picture."Template:Sfn With the encouragement of her mother, Lombard took a small role in the melodrama A Perfect Crime (1921). She was on set for two days,Template:Sfn playing the sister of Monte Blue.Template:Sfn Dwan later said "She ate it up."Template:Sfn
Career beginnings and Fox contract (1921–1926)
Though A Perfect Crime was not widely distributed, the experience spurred Lombard and her mother to audition for more film work, but she was unsuccessful.Template:Sfn While appearing as the queen of Fairfax High School's May Day Carnival at the age of 15, Lombard was scouted by an employee of Charlie Chaplin and offered a screen test to appear in The Gold Rush (1925). Lombard did not win the role, but her test was seen by the Vitagraph Film Company, which expressed interest in signing her.Template:Sfn Although this did not materialize, their condition that she adopt a new first name led to her selecting the name "Carole" after a girl with whom she played tennis at Virgil Jr. High School.Template:Sfn
In October 1924, 16-year-old Lombard signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation. Lombard's mother contacted gossip columnist Louella Parsons, who arranged a screen test.Template:Sfn According to biographer Larry Swindell, Lombard's beauty convinced studio head Winfield Sheehan to sign her to a $75-per-week contract,Template:Sfn and she abandoned her schooling to pursue the new career.Template:Sfn Fox disliked her surname and she was renamed Carole Lombard, the surname of a family friend.Template:Sfn
Most of Lombard's appearances with Fox were bit partsTemplate:Sfn in low-budget Westerns and adventure films. She later said, "All I had to do was simper prettily at the hero and scream with terror when he battled with the villain."Template:Sfn However, she enjoyed other aspects of film work such as photo shoots, costume fittings, and socializing with actors on the studio set. Lombard embraced the flapper lifestyle and became a regular at the Cocoanut Grove nightclub, where she won several Charleston dance competitions.Template:Sfnm
In March 1925, Lombard landed a leading role in the drama Marriage in Transit with Edmund Lowe. A reviewer for Motion Picture News wrote that Lombard displayed "good poise and considerable charm".Template:Sfn However, the studio heads were unconvinced that Lombard was leading-lady material, and her contract was not renewed.Template:Sfnm Wes D. Gehring, in his 2003 biography Carole Lombard: The Hoosier Tornado, has suggested a facial scar resulting from a car crash was a factor in this decision, but that incident occurred nearly two years later on September 9, 1927.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to historian Olympia Kiriakou, on the night of the crash, Lombard was on a date with a man named Harry Cooper. On Santa Monica Boulevard, Cooper hit another car; the windshield shattered and shards of glass cut "Lombard's face from her nose and across her left cheek to her eye."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Lombard underwent reconstructive surgery and faced a long recovery period. For the remainder of her career, Lombard learned to hide the mark with makeup and careful lighting.Template:Sfn At the time of the crash, Lombard was already under contract with Mack Sennett. In October 1927, Lombard and her mother Bess sued Cooper for $35,000 in damages, citing in the lawsuit that "where she formerly was able to earn a salary of $300 monthly as a Sennett girl, she is now unable to obtain employment of any kind." The lawsuit was settled out of court, and Lombard received $3,000.<ref name="Bloomsbury Academic">Template:Cite book</ref> Although Lombard feared that the incident would end her career, Sennett pledged to help her recover. He afforded her "lucrative film roles and ample publicity", including the nickname "Carole of the Curves". Kiriakou explains, "the nickname simultaneously drew audiences' focus away from her facial scars and worked harmoniously with the physicality and female sensuality that were emblematic of Lombard's performances" in Sennett's films.<ref name="Bloomsbury Academic" />
Breakthrough and early success (1927–1929)
Although Lombard initially had reservations about slapstick comedies, she became one of Sennett Bathing BeautiesTemplate:Sfn and appeared in 18 short films from September 1927 to March 1929.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfnm Lombard's first experiences in comedy provided valuable training for her future comedic work.Template:Sfnm In 1940, she called her Sennett years "the turning point of [my] acting career".Template:Sfn
Sennett's productions were distributed by Pathé Exchange, and the company began casting Lombard in feature films. She had prominent roles in Show Folks and Ned McCobb's Daughter (both 1928),Template:Sfn and reviewers observed that she made a "good impression" and was "worth watching".Template:Sfn The following year, Pathé elevated Lombard to a leading lady.Template:Sfn Her success in Raoul Walsh's picture Me, Gangster (also 1928), with June Collyer and Don Terry in his film debut, finally eased the pressure that her family had been exerting for her to succeed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Howard Higgin's High Voltage (1929), Lombard's first sound film, she played a criminal in the custody of a deputy sheriff, both of whom are among bus passengers stranded in deep snow.Template:Sfn Her next film, the comedy Big News (1929), cast her with Robert Armstrong and was a critical and commercial success.Template:Sfnm Lombard was reunited with Armstrong for the crime drama The Racketeer, released in late 1929. The review in Film Daily wrote: "Carol Lombard proves a real surprise, and does her best work to date. In fact, this is the first opportunity she has had to prove that she has the stuff to go over."Template:Sfn
Paramount contract and first marriage (1930–1933)
Lombard returned to Fox for a one-off role in the Western The Arizona Kid (1930). It was a big release for the studio, starring the popular actor Warner Baxter, in which Lombard received third billing.Template:Sfn Following the success of the film, Paramount Pictures recruited Lombard and signed her to a $350-per-week contract, gradually increasing to $3,500 per week by 1936.Template:Sfn They cast her in the Buddy Rogers comedy Safety in Numbers (also 1930), and one critic observed of her work, "Lombard proves [to be] an ace comedienne."Template:Sfn For her second assignment, Fast and Loose (also 1930) with Miriam Hopkins, Paramount mistakenly credited the actress as "Carole Lombard". She decided she liked this spelling and it became her permanent screen name.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn
Lombard appeared in five films released during 1931, beginning with the Frank Tuttle comedy It Pays to Advertise. Her next two films, Man of the World and Ladies Man, both featured William Powell, Paramount's top male star.Template:Sfn Lombard had been a fan of the actor before they metTemplate:Sfn and they were soon in a relationship.Template:Sfn The differences between the pair have been noted by biographers: She was 22, carefree, and famously foul-mouthed, and he was 38, intellectual, and sophisticated.Template:Sfnm Despite this, Lombard married Powell on June 26, 1931, at her Beverly Hills home.Template:Sfn Talking to the media, she argued for the benefits of "love between two people who are diametrically different", claiming that their relationship allowed for a "perfect see-saw love".Template:Sfn
The marriage to Powell increased Lombard's fame,Template:Sfn while she continued to please critics with her work in Up Pops the Devil and I Take this Woman (both 1931).Template:Sfn In reviews for the latter film, which co-starred Gary Cooper, several critics predicted that Lombard was set to become a major star.Template:Sfn She went on to appear in five films throughout 1932. No One Man and Sinners in the Sun were not successful,Template:Sfn but Edward Buzzell's romantic picture Virtue was well received.Template:Sfn After featuring in the drama No More Orchids, Lombard was cast as the wife of a con artist in No Man of Her OwnTemplate:Sfn with Clark GableTemplate:Sfnm The film was a critical and commercial success, and Wes Gehring writes that it was "arguably Lombard's finest film appearance" to that point.Template:Sfn It was the only picture that Gable and Lombard made together. There was no romantic interest at this time, however, as she recounted to Garson Kanin: "[we] did all kinds of hot love scenes ... and I never got any kind of tremble out of him at all".Template:SfnTemplate:Refn
In August 1933, Lombard and Powell divorced after 26 months of marriage, but they remained friends until the end of Lombard's life. At the time, she blamed it on their careers,Template:Sfn but in a 1936 interview, she admitted that this "had little to do with the divorce. We were just two completely incompatible people".Template:Sfn
She appeared in five films that year, beginning with the drama From Hell to Heaven and continuing with Supernatural, her only horror vehicle. After a small role in The Eagle and the Hawk, a war film starring Fredric March and Cary Grant, she starred in two melodramas: Brief Moment, which critics enjoyed, and White Woman, where she was paired with Charles Laughton.Template:Sfn
Lombard was involved romantically with Russ Columbo, the famous crooner killed in a tragic accident in 1934. Lombard had been guiding Columbo's movie and radio career and told Sonia Lee of Mirror magazine in 1934 that they had been engaged. Other press outlets had reported on their relationship earlier that year; Screenland Magazine declared, "the Russ Columbo and Carole Lombard romance is one of Hollywood's most charming."
Success in screwball comedies (1934–1935)
1934 marked a high point in Lombard's career,Template:Sfn beginning with Wesley Ruggles's musical drama Bolero, where George Raft and she showcased their dancing skills in an extravagantly staged performance to Maurice Ravel's Boléro.Template:Sfn She had been offered the lead female role in It Happened One Night but turned it down because of scheduling conflicts.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn Bolero was favorably received, while her next film We're Not Dressing was a box-office hit with Bing Crosby.Template:Sfn
Lombard was then recruited by director Howard HawksTemplate:Sfn to star in his screwball Twentieth CenturyTemplate:Sfnm which proved a watershed in her career and made her a major star.Template:Sfnm Hawks had seen her inebriated at a party, where he found her to be "hilarious and uninhibited and just what the part needed",Template:Sfn and she was cast with John Barrymore.Template:Sfn In Twentieth Century, Lombard plays an actress who is pursued by her former mentor, a flamboyant Broadway impresario. Hawks and Barrymore were unimpressed with her work in rehearsals, finding that she was "acting" too hard and giving a stiff performance. The director encouraged Lombard to relax, be herself, and act on her instincts.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn She responded well to this tutoring, and reviews for the film commented on her unexpectedly "fiery talent", "a Lombard like no Lombard you've ever seen".Template:Sfn The Los Angeles Times' critic felt that she was "entirely different" from her formerly cool, "calculated" persona: "she vibrates with life and passion, abandon and diablerie".Template:Sfn
The next films in which Lombard appeared were Henry Hathaway's Now and Forever (1934), featuring Gary Cooper and the new child star Shirley Temple, and Lady by Choice (1934), which was a critical and commercial success. The Gay Bride (1934) placed her with Chester Morris in a gangster comedy, but it was panned by critics.Template:Sfn She reunited with George Raft for Rumba (1935) where she was given the opportunity to repeat the screwball success of Twentieth Century.Template:Sfn In Mitchell Leisen's Hands Across the Table (1935), she portrays a manicurist in search of a rich husband, played by Fred MacMurray. Critics praised the film, and Photoplay's reviewer stated that Lombard had reaffirmed her talent for the genre.Template:Sfnm It is remembered as one of her best films,Template:Sfn and the pairing of Lombard and MacMurray proved so successful that they made three more pictures together.Template:Sfn
Critical recognition (1936–1937)
Lombard's first film of 1936 was Love Before Breakfast, described by Gehring as "The Taming of the Shrew, screwball style".Template:Sfn In William K. Howard's The Princess Comes Across, her second comedy with MacMurray, she played a budding actress who wins a film contract by masquerading as a Swedish princess. The performance was considered a satire of Greta Garbo and was widely praised by critics.Template:Sfn Lombard's success continued as she was recruited by Universal Studios to star in the screwball comedy My Man Godfrey (1936). William Powell, who was playing the eponymous Godfrey, insisted on her being cast as the female lead; despite their divorce, the pair remained friendly and Powell felt she would be perfect in the role of Irene, a zany heiress who employs a "forgotten man" as the family butler.Template:Sfn The film was directed by Gregory LaCava, who knew Lombard personally and advised that she draw on her "eccentric nature" for the role.Template:Sfn She worked hard on the performance, particularly with finding the appropriate facial expressions for Irene.Template:Sfn My Man Godfrey was released to great acclaim and was a box-office hit. It received six nominations at the 9th Academy Awards, including Lombard for Best Actress.Template:Refn Biographers cite it as her finest performance, and Frederick Ott says it "clearly established [her] as a comedienne of the first rank."Template:Sfnm
By 1937, Lombard was one of Hollywood's most popular actresses,Template:Sfnm and also the highest-paid star in Hollywood following the deal which Myron Selznick negotiated with Paramount that brought her $450,000,Template:Sfn more than five times the salary of the U.S. president.Template:Sfn As her salary was widely reported in the press, Lombard stated that 80% of her earnings went in taxes, but that she was happy to help improve her country.Template:Sfn The comments earned her much positive publicity, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent her a personal letter of thanks.Template:Sfn
Her first release of the year was Leisen's Swing High, Swing Low, a third pairing with MacMurray. The film focused on a romance between two cabaret performers, and was a critical and commercial success.Template:Sfn It had been primarily a drama, with occasional moments of comedy,Template:Sfn but for her next project, Nothing Sacred, Lombard returned to the screwball genre.Template:Sfn Producer David O. Selznick, impressed by her work in My Man Godfrey, was eager to make a comedy with the actress and hired Ben Hecht to write an original screenplay for her.Template:Sfn Nothing Sacred, directed by William Wellman and co-starring Fredric March, satirized the journalism industry and "the gullible urban masses". Lombard portrayed a small-town girl who pretends to be dying and finds her story exploited by a New York reporter.Template:Sfn The film was Lombard's only Technicolor feature-length production, and she later praised it highly as one of her personal favorites.Template:Sfn
Lombard continued with screwball comedies, next starring in True Confession (1937), what Swindell calls one of her "wackiest" films, .Template:Sfn She played a compulsive liar who wrongly confesses to murder. Lombard loved the script and was excited about the project, which reunited her with John Barrymore and was her final appearance with MacMurray. Her prediction that it "smacked of a surefire success" proved accurate as critics responded positively, and it was popular at the box office.Template:Sfnm
Dramatic efforts and second marriage (1938–1940)
True Confession was the last film Lombard made on her Paramount contract, and she remained an independent performer for the rest of her career.Template:Sfn Her next film was made at Warner Bros., where she played a famous actress in Mervyn LeRoy's Fools for Scandal (1938). The comedy met with scathing reviews and was a commercial failure, with Swindell calling it "one of the most horrendous flops of the thirties".Template:Sfnm
Fools for Scandal was the only film Lombard made in 1938. By this time, she was devoted to her relationship with Clark Gable.Template:Sfnm The pair had reunited at a Hollywood party Lombard hosted in January 1936, having met on the set of No Man of Her Own in 1932. They had initially disliked each other due to their different personalities, but that night, Gable brought Lombard to his hotel, hoping to have sex with her, to which she replied, "Who do you think you are, Clark Gable?" He brought her back to the party, then back to her house, where she insulted him about his affair with Loretta Young (which whom he had fathered a secret child). The next morning, regretting her harshness, she sent him doves as a peace offering,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and they began a romance early in 1936.Template:Sfn The media took great interest in their partnership and frequently questioned if they would wed.Template:Sfnm Gable was separated from his wife, Maria, but she did not want to grant him a divorce.Template:Sfn As his relationship with Lombard became serious, Maria eventually agreed to a settlement.Template:Refn The divorce was finalized in March 1939, and Gable and Lombard eloped in Kingman, Arizona on March 29.Template:Sfn The couple bought a Template:Convert ranch in Encino, California, where they kept barnyard animals and enjoyed hunting trips.Template:Sfn Almost immediately, Lombard wanted to start a family, but her attempts failed; after two miscarriages and numerous trips to fertility specialists, she was unable to have children.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In addition, Gable was frequently unfaithful. Lombard once said, "My God, you know how I love Pa, but I can't say he's a helluva good lay."<ref name=":0" /> In early 1938, Lombard officially joined the Baháʼí Faith, which her mother had been a member of since 1922.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref>
While continuing with a slower work-rate, Lombard decided to move away from comedies and return to dramatic roles.Template:Sfn She appeared in Made for Each Other (1939) with James Stewart playing a couple facing domestic difficulties.Template:Sfn Reviews for the film were highly positive, and praised Lombard's dramatic effort; financially, it was a disappointment.Template:Sfnm Lombard's next appearance came with Cary Grant in the John Cromwell romance In Name Only (1939), a credit she personally negotiated with RKO Radio Pictures upon hearing of the script and Grant's involvement.Template:Sfn The role reflected her recent experiences, as she played a woman in love with a married man whose wife refuses to divorce. She was paid $150,000 for the film, continuing her status as one of Hollywood's highest-paid actresses, and it was a moderate success.Template:Sfnm At the 12th Academy Awards ceremony in February 1940, Lombard was quoted as comforting Gable after his loss as Rhett Butler from Gone with the Wind, with the comment "Don't worry, Pappy. We'll bring one home next year". Gable replied that he felt this had been his last chance to which Lombard was said to have replied, "Not you, you self-centered bastard. I meant me."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Lombard was eager to win an Academy Award, and selected her next project with the expectation that it would bring her the trophy.Template:Sfn Vigil in the Night (1940), directed by George Stevens, featured Lombard as a nurse who faces a series of personal difficulties. Although the performance was praised, she did not get her nomination, as the sombre mood of the picture turned audiences away and box-office returns were poor.Template:Sfn Despite the realization that she was best suited to comedies,Template:Sfnm Lombard completed the drama They Knew What They Wanted (1940), co-starring Charles Laughton, which was mildly successful,Template:Sfn and which did receive an Oscar nomination—for her co-star, William Gargan, for Best Supporting Actor.
Final roles (1941–1942)
Accepting that "my name doesn't sell tickets to serious pictures",Template:Sfn Lombard returned to comedy in Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941), about a couple who learns that their marriage is invalid, with Robert Montgomery. Lombard was influential in bringing Alfred Hitchcock, whom she knew through David O. Selznick, to direct one of his most atypical films.Template:Sfn It was a commercial success, and audiences were happy with what Swindell calls "the belated happy news ... that Carole Lombard was a screwball once more."Template:Sfn
It was nearly a year before Lombard committed to another film, as she focused instead on her home and marriage.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn Determined that her next film be "an unqualified smash hit", she was also careful in selecting a new project. Through her agent, Lombard heard of Ernst Lubitsch's upcoming film: To Be or Not to Be (1942), a dark comedy that satirized the Nazi takeover of Poland.Template:Sfn The actress had long wanted to work with Lubitsch, and felt that the material—although controversial—was a worthy subject.Template:Sfn Lombard accepted the role of actress Maria Tura, despite it being a smaller part than she was used to, and was given top billing over the film's male lead Jack Benny. Filming took place in the fall of 1941, and it was reportedly one of the happier experiences of Lombard's career.Template:Sfn
Death
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Template:Multiple image When the U.S. entered World War II, Lombard traveled to her home state of Indiana for a war bond rally with her mother and Clark Gable's press agent, Otto Winkler. Lombard raised more than $2 million in defense bonds in a single evening. Her party had been scheduled to return to Los Angeles by train, but Lombard was eager to reach home more quickly and wanted to travel by air. Her mother and Winkler were afraid of flying and insisted that the group follow their original travel plans. In the early morning hours of January 16, 1942, Lombard, her mother and Winkler boarded a Transcontinental and Western Air Douglas DST (Douglas Sleeper Transport) aircraft to return to California.Template:Refn After refueling in Las Vegas, TWA Flight 3 took off at 7:07 p.m. and crashed into Double Up Peak near the Template:Convert level of Potosi Mountain, Template:Convert southwest of the Las Vegas airport. All 22 aboard, including Lombard, her mother, Winkler and 15 U.S. Army soldiers, were killed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lombard was 33 years old. The crash's cause was attributed to the flight crew's inability to properly navigate over the mountains surrounding Las Vegas. As a precaution against the possibility of enemy Japanese bomber aircraft coming into American airspace from the Pacific, safety beacons normally used to direct night flights had been turned off, leaving the pilot and crew of the TWA flight without visual warnings of the mountains in their flight path.Template:Sfn<ref name=clrkspok>Template:Cite news</ref>
Aftermath
When The Jack Benny Program aired on January 18, Jack Benny did not attend the live radio broadcast. At its opening, announcer Don Wilson stated Benny would not appear that night, but did not explain why. The show that night did not feature any comedy, just musical numbers. Lombard had been scheduled to appear on the following Sunday's broadcast.<ref name="Reading Eagle">Template:Cite news</ref>
Lombard's funeral was January 21 at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. She was interred beside her mother under the name of Carole Lombard Gable. Despite remarrying twice following her death, Gable was interred beside Lombard when he died in 1960.
To Be or Not to Be, Lombard's final film, was in post-production at the time of her death. Allegedly, the film's producers decided to cut a line in which Lombard's character asks "What can happen on a plane?" out of respect for the circumstances surrounding her death.Template:Sfn Although, there is no indication that this line existed and was removed posthumously, the film's script as filed with the Production Code Administration included the addendum:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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This certificate is issued with the understanding that Anna's speech: "No, not at all..." down to and including: "She might hit an air pocket." has been replaced; also that Sigorsky's speech "-- maybe you'll want to take care of her after my departure." has been omitted.{{#if:|
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At the time of her death, Lombard had been scheduled to star in the film They All Kissed the Bride; when production started, she was replaced by Joan Crawford.Template:Sfn Crawford donated all of her salary for the film to the Red Cross, which had helped extensively in the recovery of bodies from the air crash.
Shortly after Lombard's death, Gable, who was inconsolable and devastated by his loss, joined the United States Army Air Forces. Lombard had asked him to do that numerous times after the United States had entered World War II.Template:Citation needed After officer training, Gable headed a six-man motion picture unit attached to a B-17 bomb group in England to film aerial gunners in combat, flying five missions himself. In December 1943, the United States Maritime Commission announced that a Liberty ship named in her honor would be launched.<ref>"Tribute to Carole Lombard" (December 29, 1943).The Stars and Stripes, p. 4.</ref> Gable attended the launch of the SS Carole Lombard on January 15, 1944, the second anniversary of Lombard's war bond drive. The ship was involved in rescuing hundreds of survivors from sunken ships in the Pacific and returning them to safety.
In 1962, Jill Winkler Rath, widow of publicist Otto Winkler, filed a $100,000 lawsuit against the $2 million estate of Clark Gable in connection with Winkler's death. The suit was dismissed in Los Angeles Superior Court. Rath, in her action, claimed Gable promised to provide financial aid for her if she would not bring suit against the airline involved. Rath stated she later learned that Gable settled his claim against the airline for $10. He did so because he did not want to repeat his grief in court, and subsequently he provided her no financial aid in his will.<ref>"Widow Gets Zero". Variety 226.10 (May 2, 1962): 5.</ref><ref>"Woman Suing Gable Estate For $100,000". The Hartford Courant. August 18, 1961.</ref>
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Legacy
Author Robert D. Matzen has cited Lombard as "among the most commercially successful and admired film personalities in Hollywood in the 1930s",Template:Sfn and feminist writer June Sochen believes that Lombard "demonstrated great knowledge of the mechanics of film making".Template:Sfn George Raft, her co-star in Bolero, was extremely fond of the actress, remarking "I truly loved Carole Lombard. She was the greatest girl that ever lived and we were the best of pals. Completely honest and outspoken, she was liked by everyone".Template:Sfn
Historian Olympia Kiriakou identifies Lombard as a progressive, feminist studio-era star. She describes Lombard's politics as "proto-feminist", explaining that "many of her political and social statements pre-date the second-wave feminist movement, yet were very much in line with the second wave's focus," particularly her views about women's roles in the home and workplace.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Lombard's independent star persona balanced her femininity and screen glamour with "male business sense".<ref name="Independent Stardom: Female Film St">Template:Cite journal</ref> She was described by Photoplay columnist Hart Seymore as the "perfect example of a modern Career Girl", which was based on Lombard's capability to "live by the logical premise that women have equal rights with men."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1937, Photoplay published an article about Lombard's business acumen entitled "Carole Lombard tells: 'How I Live by a Man's Code'," in which she offers readers rules for how to be successful in business and at home such as "play fair [with men]...don't burn over criticism—stand up to it like a man."<ref name="Carole Lombard tells: How I Live B">Template:Cite journal</ref> Notably, in the article Lombard tells readers that she "doesn't believe in a man's world," and encourages women to "work—and like it," adding: "All women should have something worthwhile to do, and cultivate efficiency at it, whether it be housekeeping or raising chickens. Working women are interesting women."<ref name="Carole Lombard tells: How I Live B"/> But as Kiriakou explains, such an article was published in order "to elicit a specific response from the fan magazine readers—namely, to view Lombard's independent star as indistinguishable from the Lombard heroines they saw on screen."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Moreover, according to scholar Emily Carman, Lombard's independent female star persona was able to emerge only when she "attained greater professional autonomy in the mid-1930s," ultimately leading her to become one of the first stars of the studio-era to go freelance.<ref name="Independent Stardom: Female Film St"/> Freelancing gave Lombard more autonomy over her career decisions, and the types of roles she was able to play. Additionally, Lombard was the first Hollywood star to propose profit participation: in 1938, she negotiated with Selznick International Pictures to take a reduced salary of $100,000 in exchange for a 20 percent cut of the distributor's gross of $1.6 to $1.7 million, and subsequent smaller percentages as the gross increased.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Carman explains that this contract also included a "no-loan out" clause, the right to employ Travis Banton as her costume designer of choice, as well as all legal rights to her image.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Carman concludes that Lombard's strategic business sense and easy-going nature were central to her independent star persona, and the control she maintained over her career was a challenge to the "paternalistic structure" of the studio system.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Lombard was particularly noted for the zaniness of her performances,Template:Sfnm described as a "natural prankster, a salty tongued straight-shooter, a feminist precursor and one of the few stars who was beloved by the technicians and studio functionaries who worked with her".<ref name="PT05">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Life magazine noted that her film personality transcended to real life, "her conversation, often brilliant, is punctuated by screeches, laughs, growls, gesticulations and the expletives of a sailor's parrot".<ref name="Inc1938">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Graham Greene praised the "heartbreaking and nostalgic melodies" of her faster-than-thought delivery, whereas The Independent wrote "Platinum blonde, with a heart-shaped face, delicate, impish features and a figure made to be swathed in silver lamé, Lombard wriggled expressively through such classics of hysteria as Twentieth Century and My Man Godfrey."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Lombard 23rd on its list of the 25 greatest American female screen legends of classic Hollywood cinema,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6930 Hollywood Blvd. Lombard received one Academy Award for Best Actress nomination for My Man Godfrey.Template:Sfn Actresses who have portrayed her in films include Jill Clayburgh in Gable and Lombard (1976),Template:Sfn Sharon Gless in Moviola: The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980), Denise Crosby in Malice in Wonderland (1985), Anastasia Hille in RKO 281 (1999) and Vanessa Gray in Lucy (2003).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lombard's Fort Wayne childhood home has been designated a historic landmark. The city named the nearby bridge over the St. Mary's River the Carole Lombard Memorial Bridge.<ref name="PT05"/>
Lombard's star at the Hollywood Walk of Fame is shown in the movie Pretty Woman.
Awards and nominations
| Year | Organization | Category | Work | Result | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1937 | Academy Awards | Best Actress | My Man Godfrey | Template:Nominated | citation | CitationClass=web
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| 1942 | Presidential Medal of Freedom | Template:N/a | Template:N/a | Template:Honored | citation | CitationClass=web
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| 1960 | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Star - Motion Pictures | Template:N/a | Template:Honored | citation | CitationClass=web
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Filmography
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References
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External links
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- Template:Tcmdb name
- Carole Lombard at Virtual History
- Carole Lombard at Indiana Historical Bureau
- Pages with broken file links
- 1908 births
- 1942 deaths
- 20th-century American actresses
- 20th-century Bahá'ís
- Accidental deaths in Nevada
- Actresses from Fort Wayne, Indiana
- American Bahá'ís
- American child actresses
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- Articles containing video clips
- Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
- Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni
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