Charles-Édouard Guillaume

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Charles-Édouard Guillaume ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 15 February 1861 – 13 June 1938)<ref name="nobelprize.org"/> was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 "for the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys".<ref name="nobelprize.org"/> In 1919, he gave the fifth Guthrie Lecture at the Institute of Physics in London with the title "The Anomaly of the Nickel-Steels".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Personal life

Charles-Edouard Guillaume was born in Fleurier, Switzerland, on 15 February 1861.<ref name="nobelprize.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Guillaume received his early education in Neuchâtel, and obtained a doctoral degree in Physics at ETH Zurich in 1883.<ref name="nobelprize.org"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Guillaume was married in 1888 to A. M. Taufflieb, with whom he had three children.<ref name="nobelprize.org"/>

He died on 13 June 1938 in Sèvres, aged 77.He was a Christian. <ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Scientific career

Guillaume was head of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.<ref name="Gould">Gould, p.201.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also worked with Kristian Birkeland, serving at the Observatoire de Paris – Section de Meudon. He conducted several experiments with thermostatic measurements at the observatory.

Nickel–steel alloy

File:1918 Charles Édouard Guillaume.jpg
1918 Autochrome by Auguste Léon

Guillaume is known for his discovery of nickel–steel alloys he named invar,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> elinvar and Template:Ill, also known as red platinum. Invar has a near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion, making it useful in constructing precision instruments whose dimensions need to remain constant in spite of varying temperature. Elinvar has a near-zero thermal coefficient of the modulus of elasticity, making it useful in constructing instruments with springs that need to be unaffected by varying temperature, such as the marine chronometer. Elinvar is also non-magnetic, which is a secondary useful property for antimagnetic watches.

Space radiation

Guillaume is also known for the earliest estimation of the "radiation of the stars” in his 1896 article {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("The Temperature of Space"). This publication made him a pioneer in plasma cosmology, the study of conditions far from any particular star.<ref>Pioneers in the development of the plasma cosmology.</ref> The concept was later known as the Cosmic microwave background.<ref name=lanaturecited>Guillaume, C.-É., 1896, La Nature 24, series 2, p. 234, cited in "History of the 2.7 K Temperature Prior to Penzias and Wilson".</ref> He was one of the first people in history to estimate the temperature of space, as 5–6 K.<ref name=lanaturecited />

File:Charles Edouard Guillaume.jpg
1922 pastel portraiture by Marie-Louise Catherine Breslau

Horology

As the son of a Swiss horologist, Guillaume took an interest in marine chronometers. For use as the compensation balance he developed a slight variation of the invar alloy which had a negative quadratic coefficient of expansion. The purpose of doing this was to eliminate the "middle-temperature" error of the balance wheel.<ref name="Gould" /> The Guillaume balance (a type of balance wheel) in horology is named after him.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Publications

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

  • Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921, "Charles-Edouard Guillaume – Biography". Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
  • Rupert Thomas Gould (1960) The Marine Chronometer: its history and development, Holland Press.
  • C. E. Guillaume in Nature 1934

Further reading

Template:Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901-1925 Template:1920 Nobel Prize laureates

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