Charles Barkla

Charles Glover Barkla (7 June 1877 – 23 October 1944) was a British physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917 for his discovery of characteristic X-rays.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Education and career

Charles Glover Barkla was born on 7 June 1877 in Widnes, England, the son of John Martin Barkla, originally from Wendron, Cornwall,<ref name="Allen Obit">Template:Cite journal</ref> a secretary for the Atlas Chemical Company, and Sarah Glover. He studied at the Liverpool Institute, and then proceeded to University College Liverpool with a County Council Scholarship and a Bibby Scholarship. He initially studied mathematics, but later specialised in physics under Oliver Lodge. During the absence of Lodge due to ill health, Barkla replaced him in lectures.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In 1898, he graduated with First Class Honours in Physics, and received his master's degree the following year.<ref name=nobelbio>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1899, Barkla was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, with an 1851 Research Fellowship<ref>1851 Royal Commission Archives</ref> to study under J. J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory. During his first two years at Cambridge, under the direction of Thomson, he studied the velocity of electromagnetic waves along wires of different widths and materials. After a year and a half at Trinity College, his love of music led him to transfer to King's College, Cambridge, in order to sing in the choir. His voice was of remarkable beauty and his solo performances were always fully attended.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

After having worked at the University of Liverpool (1902–1909) and King's College London (1909–1913), Barkla was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1913, a position he held until his death.<ref name=nobelbio/>

Research

In 1903, Barkla studied secondary X-rays from gases radiated by other X-rays, developing a new experimental setup.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This topic was relevant to the question of whether X-rays were indeed a type of electromagnetic radiation as many physicists suspected, because Lionel Wilberforce proposed to use these secondary rays to generate tertiary ones and prove the existence of polarization by rotating the detecting part of his experimental apparatus. Tertiary radiation was too feeble to measure, so he assembled a slightly different setup. Using his new setup, he was able to prove that X-rays can indeed be polarized and are therefore electromagnetic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He published a brief summary of his findings in Nature in March 1904<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and a more detailed account in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1905.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Barkla made significant progress in developing and refining the laws of X-ray scattering, X-ray spectroscopy, the principles governing the transmission of X-rays through matter, and especially the principles of the excitation of secondary X-rays.

Barkla proposed the J-phenomenon as a hypothetical form of X-ray behaviour similar to X-ray fluorescence. However, other scientists were not persuaded that this was a different mechanism from other known effects such as Compton scattering, so the theory was not successful.<ref name=BW>Template:Citation</ref><ref name=MM>Template:Citation</ref>

Personal life and death

File:Hermitage of Braid, Edinburgh.jpg

Hermitage of Braid, Edinburgh

In 1907, Barkla married Mary Esther Cowell,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with whom he had two sons and one daughter.

A religious man, Barkla was a Methodist and considered his work to be "part of the quest for God, the Creator".<ref>School of Mathematics and Statistics. "Charles Glover Barkla" (2007), University of St Andrews, Scotland. JOC/EFR.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Charles Glover Barkla, Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography (2008)</ref>

From 1922 to 1938, Barkla lived at Hermitage of Braid in Edinburgh.<ref>Plaque to Barkla, Hermitage of Braid</ref>

Barkla died at his home in Edinburgh on 23 October 1944 at the age of 67.<ref>"Charles Glover Barkla (1877 - 1944)" National Records of Scotland</ref>

Awards and honours

File:Plaque to C G Barkla, Hermitage of Braid.png

Plaque to C G Barkla, Hermitage of Braid

In 1917, Barkla was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements". He was also awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society the same year.

Barkla crater on the Moon is named in his honour.

A plaque was placed on Hermitage of Braid to commemorate Barkla's 16-year stay there. A plaque has also been installed in the vicinity of the Canongate, near the Faculty of Education Buildings at the University of Edinburgh. Additionally, a lecture theatre at the University of Liverpool's Physics department, as well as a Biophysics Laboratory in the Biological Science Department,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> are named after him. In 2012, a gritter in Barkla's hometown of Widnes was named in his honour, following a competition run by the local newspaper.<ref>"A gritter named Barkla" Physics World Volume 25 Number 02, February 2012</ref> In Widnes, they have a retirement housing complex named the Barkla Fields.

External links

• Template:Nobelprize including the Nobel Lecture, June 3, 1920 Characteristic Röntgen Radiation
• Obituary
• his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements
• Biography at Encyclopedia.com