Charles Comiskey

Charles Albert Comiskey (August 15, 1859 – October 26, 1931), nicknamed "Commy" or "the Old Roman", was an American Major League Baseball player, manager, and team owner. He was a key person in the formation of the American League and was also founding owner of the Chicago White Sox.<ref name="baseball biography_comiskey">Template:Cite web</ref> Comiskey Park, the White Sox's storied baseball stadium, was built under his guidance and named for him.<ref name="baseball biography_comiskey" />

Comiskey's reputation was permanently tarnished by his team's involvement in the Black Sox Scandal, although he was inducted as an executive into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.<ref name="baseball biography_comiskey" />

Early life

Comiskey was born on August 15, 1859, in Chicago, the son of Illinois politician John Comiskey. He attended public and parochial schools in Chicago, including St. Ignatius Preparatory School, and then attended St. Mary's College in St. Mary's, Kansas. He played baseball at St. Mary's and played for several professional teams in Chicago while apprenticed to a plumber and working at construction jobs, including driving a brick delivery wagon for the construction crews building the fifth Chicago City Hall, which stood from 1873 to 1885.<ref name="Black Sox White">Template:Cite book</ref>

Baseball career

Playing and managing career

Comiskey started his playing career as a pitcher, and moved to first base after developing arm trouble. He is credited with being the first to play hitters off first base, allowing him to cover balls hit to more of the infield. He entered the American Association in 1882 with the St. Louis Brown Stockings.<ref name="bio_comiskey">Template:Cite web</ref> He managed the team during parts of its first three seasons and became the full-time manager in 1885,<ref name="bio_comiskey" /> leading the Browns to four consecutive American Association championships and a close second in 1889.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He also played and managed for the Chicago Pirates in the Players' League (1890), the Browns again (1891), and the Cincinnati Reds in the National League (1892–1894).<ref name="managerial record">Template:Cite web</ref>

As an owner

File:Charles Comiskey circa 1910.jpg

Comiskey, circa 1910

Comiskey left Cincinnati and the majors in fall 1894 to purchase the Western League Sioux City Cornhuskers in Sioux City, Iowa and move it to Saint Paul, Minnesota, renaming the team the St. Paul Saints.<ref name="bio_comiskey" /> He had compiled a .264 batting average with 29 home runs, 883 RBI and 419 stolen bases. As a manager, he posted an 839–542 record. After five seasons of sharing the Twin Cities with another Western League club in Minneapolis, Comiskey and his colleagues arranged to share Chicago with the National League, whose club (the Chicago Cubs today) played on the West Side. The St. Paul Saints moved to the South Side as the White Stockings (also the original name of the Cubs; it was eventually shortened to White Sox) of the renamed American League for the 1900 season. The American League then declared itself a major league starting in 1901.<ref name="bio_comiskey" />

File:Charles Comiskey.jpg

Comiskey, circa 1910

As owner of the White Sox from 1900 until his death in 1931, Comiskey oversaw the construction of Comiskey Park in 1910 and won five American League pennants (1900, 1901, 1906, 1917, 1919) and two World Series (1906, 1917).<ref name="bio_comiskey" /> He lost popularity with his players, who eventually came to despise him. The players' animosity towards Comiskey has been cited as a major cause of the Black Sox scandal, when eight players on the AL champions conspired to "throw" the 1919 World Series to the NL champion Cincinnati Reds.<ref name="bio_comiskey" /> Comiskey was notoriously stingy (his defenders called him "frugal"), even forcing his players to pay to launder their own uniforms.<ref name="bio_comiskey" /> Traci Peterson notes that, in an era when professional athletes lacked free agency, the White Sox's formidable players had little choice but to accept Comiskey's substandard wages. She writes: "Swede Risberg and Lefty Williams made less than $3,000 a year ($Template:Inflation today). Joe Jackson and Buck Weaver made only $6,000 a year ($Template:Inflation today). Eddie Cicotte had been promised a $10,000 ($Template:Inflation today) bonus if he could win 30 games in a season. When Cicotte closed in on the 30-game goal, Comiskey had him benched to keep him from reaching the mark."<ref name="bio_comiskey" /> Comiskey's stated reason for having manager Kid Gleason bench Cicotte was that with the Sox headed for the World Series, he had to protect his star pitcher's arm (Cicotte ended up with a 29–7 record in 1919 ). In one incident, he promised his players a bonus for winning the 1919 pennant — the "bonus" turned out to be a case of flat champagne.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

When the scandal broke late in the 1920 season, Comiskey suspended the suspected players via telegram, admitting that he knew this action cost the White Sox a second straight pennant. However, he initially defended the accused players and, in an unusual display of largesse, provided them with expensive legal representation. He ultimately supported baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis' decision to ban the implicated White Sox players from further participation in professional baseball, knowing full well that Landis' action would permanently sideline the core of his team.<ref name="bio_comiskey" /> Indeed, the White Sox promptly tumbled into seventh place and would not be a factor in a pennant race again until Template:Baseball year, five years after Comiskey's death. They did not win another pennant until Template:Baseball year and another World Series until Template:Baseball year.

Labor relations and the reserve clause

In 1914, Comiskey became involved in a landmark legal case that challenged baseball's reserve clause system, which he had co-authored with Ban Johnson in 1903 as part of the Baseball national agreement. When first baseman Hal Chase exercised a 10-day termination clause in his contract to sign with the Buffalo Blues of the Federal League, Comiskey sought an injunction to prevent Chase from playing. In American League Baseball Club of Chicago v. Chase, 149 N.Y.S. 6 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. July 21, 1914), New York Supreme Court Justice Herbert Bissell ruled against Comiskey, finding that organized baseball was "as complete a monopoly of the baseball business for profit as any monopoly can be made" and that this monopoly was "in contravention of the common law in that it invades the right to labor as a property right; in that it invades the right to contract as a property right and in that it is a combination to restrain and control the exercise of a profession or calling."<ref>Template:Cite court</ref>

Following the court's decision, American League president Ban Johnson, Comiskey's longtime associate and co-architect of the reserve clause, declared: "Federal League teams will not get one single player from Charles A. Comiskey, owner of the Chicago White Sox, and if Hal Chase jumps his contract he will never play with any other club."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite the Federal League folding in 1915, Chase faced persistent allegations of game-fixing throughout his subsequent career, culminating in his ban from baseball in 1920. In a 1918 interview, Johnson acknowledged that Chase had been "overtly blacklisted" for his challenge to the reserve clause and defection to the Federal League.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Legacy

File:Grave of Charles Comiskey (1859–1931) at Calvary Cemetery, Evanston 1.jpg

Comiskey mausoleum at Calvary Cemetery

Comiskey is sometimes credited with the innovation of playing the first base position behind first base or inside the foul line, a practice which has since become common.<ref name="bio_comiskey" /> Later, he had played a large role in the dissolution of the National Commission, baseball's former governing body, following a quarrel with Ban Johnson.<ref name=Affair/> He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.<ref name="baseball biography_comiskey" /> He was also named to the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame in May 2022, as the selection of Cardinals managing partner William DeWitt Jr. for his accomplishments as manager of the St. Louis Browns.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Comiskey died in Eagle River, Wisconsin in 1931 and was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Evanston. Comiskey's son J. Louis inherited the team but died a few years later. The trustees of his estate were going to sell the team, but J. Louis' widow Grace was able to gain control of the team and avoid a sale. Her two children, Dorothy Comiskey Rigney and Charles "Chuck" Albert Comiskey II (who served in the White Sox front office in the 1940s and 1950s before he became owner),<ref name="NYT">Template:Cite news</ref> became co-owners of the team following Grace's death in the 1950s.<ref name="Affair">Template:Cite news</ref> Dorothy sold controlling interest in the team to Bill Veeck in 1958, but Chuck remained a minority owner until 1962.<ref name="TBT">Template:Cite book</ref>

When the White Sox moved to a new ballpark in 1991, the Comiskey Park name was retained from their previous home (since 1910). It is now known as Rate Field. A statue of Comiskey stands near center field in the new ballpark.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Career statistics

As a manager

Team	From	To	Record
			Template:Tooltip	Template:Tooltip	Template:Tooltip
St. Louis Browns	1883	1883	Template:WinLossPct
St. Louis Browns	1884	1889	Template:WinLossPct
Chicago Pirates	1890	1890	Template:WinLossPct
St. Louis Browns	1891	1891	Template:WinLossPct
Cincinnati Reds	1892	1894	Template:WinLossPct
Total			Template:WinLossPct
Template:Tooltip:<ref name="managerial record" />

See also

• List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
• List of Major League Baseball player-managers
• List of St. Louis Cardinals team records

Further reading

• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book

External links

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