Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox military person Marshal of the Royal Air Force Charles Frederick Algernon Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford, Template:Postnominals (21 May 1893 – 22 April 1971) was a senior Royal Air Force officer. He served as a bomber pilot in the First World War, and rose to become first a flight commander and then a squadron commander, flying light bombers on the Western Front.

In the early stages of the Second World War he was commander-in-chief of Bomber Command. He was an advocate of strategic area bombing against German industrial areas, and viewed it as a war winning strategy. In October 1940 he was made Chief of the Air Staff, and remained in this post for the rest of the war. During his time as Chief he continuously supported the strategic bombing offensive against Germany, and advocated the formation of the Pathfinder Force, critical to improving the destructive force of Bomber Command. He fended off attempts by the Royal Navy to take command over RAF Coastal Command, and resisted attempts by the British Army to establish their own Army Air Arm. Portal retired from the RAF following the end of the war. He served as Controller of Production (Atomic Energy) at the Ministry of Supply for six years. Portal was then made chairman of British Aluminium. He was unsuccessful in fending off a hostile takeover of British Aluminum by Sir Ivan Stedeford's Tube Investments, in what was known as the "Aluminium War". Afterward he served as chairman of the British Aircraft Corporation.

Early life

Portal was born at Eddington House, Hungerford, Berkshire, the son of Edward Robert Portal and his wife Ellinor Kate (née Hill).<ref name=odnb>"Portal, Charles Frederick Algernon." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved: 9 July 2012.</ref> His younger brother Admiral Sir Reginald Portal (1894–1983) joined the Royal Navy and also had a distinguished career.<ref name=odnb/> The Portals had Huguenot origins, having arrived in England in the 17th century.<ref>Richards 1978, pp. 6–11.</ref> He was related to the goldsmith and dramatist Abraham Portal, and more distantly so to Wyndham Portal, 1st Viscount Portal.<ref name="odnb" />

Charles Portal, or "Peter" as he was nicknamed, was educated at Winchester College and Christ Church, Oxford.<ref name="odnb" /> Portal had intended to become a barrister but he did not finish his degree and he left undergraduate life to enlist as a private soldier in 1914.<ref name="prob23">Probert 1991, p. 23.</ref>

First World War

At the beginning of the First World War, Portal joined the British Army and served as a dispatch rider in the motorcycle section of the Royal Engineers on the Western Front.<ref name=air>"Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Portal." Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved: 29 July 2012.</ref> Portal was made a corporal very soon after joining the Army and he was commissioned as a second lieutenant only weeks later.<ref name=prob23/> Around the same time, Portal was commended in Sir John French's first despatch of September 1914.<ref name=odnb/> In December 1914, Portal was given command of all riders in the 1st Corps Headquarters Signals Company.<ref name=odnb/>

In July 1915, with the need for dispatch riders decreasing, Portal transferred to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC).<ref name=air/> He served first as an observer and then, from November 1915, as a flying officer.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He graduated as a pilot in April 1916, and joined No. 60 Squadron flying Morane monoplanes on the Western Front.<ref name=air/> He became a flight commander with No. 3 Squadron flying BE2c aircraft on the Western Front on 16 July 1916.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Portal was promoted to temporary major in June 1917<ref name=air/> and given command of No. 16 Squadron flying RE8 aircraft on the Western Front at the same time.<ref name=air/> He was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel on 17 June 1918<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and given command of No. 24 (Training) Wing at RAF Grantham in August 1918.<ref name=air/> Portal was awarded the Military Cross in January 1917, the citation for which reads:

He was also awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 18 July 1917 and a Bar to his DSO on 18 July 1918. The DSO's citation reads:

The bar's citation:

Inter-war career

In August 1919 Portal was appointed to a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force in the rank of major (shortly afterwards redesignated as a squadron leader).<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He became a chief flying instructor at the Royal Air Force College Cranwell in November 1919 and then attended RAF Staff College in 1922, before joining the air staff conducting flying operations in the home sector in April 1923.<ref name=air/> Promoted to wing commander on 1 July 1925,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> he attended the senior officers' war course at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in 1926 before taking over No. 7 Squadron flying Vickers Virginia bombers in March 1927<ref name=air/> and concentrated on improving bombing accuracy.<ref name=odnb/>

Portal attended the Imperial Defence College in 1929 and became deputy director of Plans in the Directorate of Operations & Intelligence at the Air Ministry in December 1930.<ref name=air/> Promoted to group captain on 1 July 1931,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> he was appointed commander of British forces in Aden in February 1934,<ref name=air/> in which role he tried to control the local tribesmen by use of an air blockade.<ref name=odnb/> Promoted to air commodore on 1 January 1935,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> he joined the Directing Staff at the Imperial Defence College in January 1936.<ref name=air/> Portal was promoted to air vice-marshal on 1 July 1937<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> before being appointed Director of Organization at the Air Ministry on 1 September 1937.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Second World War

Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1939 New Year Honours,<ref name=air/> Portal became Air Member for Personnel on the Air Council on 1 February 1939.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was promoted to the acting rank of air marshal on 3 September 1939,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> appointed commander-in-chief of Bomber Command in April 1940<ref name=air/> and promoted to the substantive rank of air marshal on 1 July 1940.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Portal advocated strategic area bombing against German industrial areas, the same sort of targets that the Luftwaffe was already targeting in the United Kingdom.<ref name=prob24>Probert 1991, p. 24.</ref> He was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1940 Birthday Honours.<ref name=air/>

On 25 October 1940, Portal was appointed as Chief of the Air Staff with the temporary rank of air chief marshal<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> (made permanent in April 1942).<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He continued in this capacity for the remainder of the war.<ref name=air/> The first issue he had to resolve was an attempt by the Royal Navy to take over RAF Coastal Command as well as an attempt by the British Army to establish their own Army Air Arm.<ref name=prob25>Probert 1991, p. 25.</ref> Portal successfully persuaded both the Army and the Navy that the RAF could adequately look after their needs.<ref name=prob24/> The second issue Portal had to resolve was the need for a renewed strategic bombing offensive.<ref name=prob24/> In August 1941 he received a report on the relative inefficiency of RAF daytime raids and proposals for area bombing by night: to implement the proposals he determined that a new leader was required and replaced the chief of bomber command, Air Chief Marshal Richard Peirse, with Arthur Harris.<ref name=prob25/> He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1942 Birthday Honours.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

File:Jalta 1945.jpg

The Yalta Conference. Portal is shown standing behind Churchill.

Portal accompanied Churchill to all the great conferences and made a good impression on Americans.<ref name=odnb/> In January 1943, at the Casablanca Conference, the Combined Chiefs of Staff selected him to coordinate the bomber forces of both the United States and Britain in a combined bomber offensive over Germany.<ref name=odnb/> The forces were transferred to U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower for the duration of Operation Overlord;<ref name=odnb/> but when their control reverted to the Combined Chiefs, Portal still advocated area bombing of German cities instead of specific targets, such as Axis oil production facilities.<ref name=spiegel>"The Logic Behind the Destruction of Dresden." Der Spiegel, 13 February 2009. Retrieved: 29 July 2012.</ref> He was promoted to Marshal of the Royal Air Force on 1 January 1944.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

File:Winston Churchill and his Chiefs of Staff around a conference table aboard SS QUEEN MARY en route to the USA, May 1943. A16709.jpg

Seated in May 1943 around a conference table aboard the RMS Queen Mary are, left to right: Air Marshal Sir Charles Portal, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, General Sir Alan Brooke, Mr Winston Churchill. Prime Minister Churchill is presiding over the meeting at the end of the table.

In early 1944, Portal's view of strategic bombing changed; he felt that bombers could also play a more auxiliary role in the allied offensive. (Much of what is known about Portal's thinking is based on memoranda he wrote.) He argued for the new approach on the basis of the huge increase in the size of the bomber force, which would carry out not just precision bombing but also indiscriminate area bombing by night of all German cities with populations exceeding 100,000. Portal thought that the resulting damage to the German war effort and civilian morale would lead to victory within six months. A second memorandum in 1945 made a similar argument.<ref name=spiegel/>

In March 1945, Churchill gave the final order to stop Portal's strategy of area bombing, after the firestorm of Dresden a few weeks earlier. Churchill subsequently distanced himself from the bombing writing that "the destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied Bombing".<ref>"British Bombing Strategy in World War Two." BBC, 17 February 2011. Retrieved: 29 July 2012.</ref>

Post-war activities

St. Mary's parish church and cemetery, in Funtington, West Sussex, where Lord Portal of Hungerford's ashes are buried.

In 1945, after the war's end, Portal retired from the RAF and on 12 October 1945 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Portal of Hungerford in the County of Berkshire, with remainder, failing male issue of his own, to his daughters and their male heirs.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> On 8 February 1946 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Portal of Hungerford, in the County of Berkshire, with normal remainder to his heirs male.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was made a Member of the Order of Merit on 1 January 1946.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was also awarded the American Distinguished Service Medal on 15 March 1946<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau on 18 November 1947.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was also appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Belgian Order of the Crown with Palm and awarded the Belgian Croix de Guerre, 1940, with Palm on 27 August 1948.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

From 1946 to 1951, Portal was Controller of Production (Atomic Energy) at the Ministry of Supply.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Christopher Hinton, responsible for the production of fissile material, said later, "I cannot remember that he ever did anything that helped us."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He attended the funeral of King George VI in February 1952<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Portal was elected Chairman of British Aluminium and in 1958/1959 he fought in the City of London's "Aluminium War" against a hostile takeover bid by Sir Ivan Stedeford, chairman and chief executive of Tube Investments. T.I. along with its ally Reynolds Metals of the US, won the takeover battle, and in the process, rewrote the way the City conducted its business in relation to shareholders and investors. Stedeford replaced Portal as Chairman of British Aluminium. In 1960 Portal was elected chairman of the British Aircraft Corporation.<ref name=prob26>Probert 1991, p. 26.</ref> Portal died from cancer at his home at West Ashling near Chichester on 22 April 1971.<ref name=odnb/> His ashes are buried near his home in Funtington churchyard.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Family

In July 1919, Portal married Joan Margaret Welby (1898–1996); they had a son (who died at birth) and two daughters.<ref name=odnb/> The viscountcy died with him but he was succeeded in the barony according to the special remainder by his elder daughter, Rosemary Ann, who died in 1990.<ref name=odnb/>

References

Bibliography

• Probert, Henry. High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO, 1991. Template:ISBN.
• Richards, Denis. Portal of Hungerford: The Life of Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Viscount Portal of Hungerford, KG, GCB, OM, DSO, MC. London: Heinemann, 1978. Template:ISBN.

External links

• Spartacus Educational – Charles Portal
• Sir Charles Frederick Algernon Portal Fonds

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