Chenab River
Template:Short description Template:About {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Oxford English Template:Infobox river The Chenab RiverTemplate:Efn is a major river in India and Pakistan, and one of the five major rivers associated with the Punjab region. It is formed by the union of two headwaters, the Chandra and Bhaga, which rise in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Chenab then flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, into the plains of Punjab, Pakistan, where it joins the Sutlej River to form the Panjnad, which ultimately flows into the Indus River at Mithankot.
The waters of the Chenab were allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is allowed non-consumptive uses such as power generation. The Chenab River is extensively used in Pakistan for irrigation. Its waters are also transferred to the channel of the Ravi River via numerous link canals.<ref name=Naqvi/><ref> Template:Cite web </ref><ref> Template:Cite web </ref>
Name
The Chenab river was called Template:IAST2 (Template:Langx) in the Rigveda (VIII.20.25, X.75.5). The name meant that it was seen to have dark-coloured waters.<ref name=Kapoor>Template:Citation</ref>Template:Sfn The term Krishana is also found in the Atharvaveda.Template:Sfn A later form of Askikni was Template:Lang (Template:Langx)Template:Citation needed and the Greek form was Template:Langx – Akesínes; Latinized to Acesines.<ref name=Kapoor/>Template:Sfn<ref name=DGRG>Template:Cite DGRG</ref>
In the Mahabharata, the common name of the river was Chandrabhaga (Template:Langx) because the river is formed from the confluence of the Chandra and the Bhaga rivers.Template:Sfn<ref name="HandaHāṇḍā1994">Template:Citation</ref> This name was also known to the Ancient Greeks, who Hellenised it in various forms such as Sandrophagos, Sandabaga and Cantabra.Template:Sfn
The simplification of Chandrabhaga to 'Chenab', with evident Persianate influence, probably occurred in early medieval times and is witnessed in Alberuni.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Course
Present course
The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers, Chandra and Bhaga, at Tandi, Template:Convert southwest of Keylong, in the Lahaul and Spiti district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=Naqvi/>
The Bhaga River originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few kilometers west of the Bara-lacha la pass in Himachal Pradesh. The Chandra River originates from glaciers east of the same pass (near Chandra Taal).<ref name=Naqvi> Template:Citation </ref><ref name="Gosal"> Template:Cite journal </ref> This pass also acts as a water-divide between these two rivers.<ref name="Pant"> Template:Cite journal </ref> The Chandra river transverses Template:Convert while the Bhaga river transverses Template:Convert through narrow gorges before their confluence at Tandi.<ref> Template:Cite web </ref>
The Chandra-Bhaga then flows through the pangi valley of Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh before entering the Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir, where it flows through the Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban, Reasi and Jammu districts. It enters Pakistan and flows through the Punjab province before emptying into the Sutlej, forming the Panjnad River.
Historical course
Historically, the Chenab River used to flow east of Multan prior to 1245, after which the Beas River occupied its old bed that went by Dipalpur.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> The Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers met in the northeastern direction of Multan, then flowing east together until they met the Beas River near Uchh in the southern direction of Multan.<ref name=":0" /> However, by 1397 the flow of the Chenab River shifted so that it flows west of Multan.<ref name=":0" />
History
The river was known to Indians in the Vedic period.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica article on the Chenab</ref> In 325 BCE, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus (present-day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan in Pakistan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined streams of Punjab rivers (currently known as the Panjnad River).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Arrian, in the Anabasis of Alexander, quotes the eyewitness Ptolemy Lagides as writing that the river was Template:Convert wide where Alexander crossed it.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Battle of Chenab was fought between Sikhs and Afghans on the bank of the river.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Dams
The river has rich power generation potential in India. There are many dams built, under construction or proposed to be built on the Chenab for the purpose of hydroelectric power generation in the country, including: Template:Columns-list
All of these are "run-of-the-river" projects as per the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. The Treaty allocates the waters of Chenab to Pakistan. India can use its water for domestic and agricultural uses or for "non-consumptive" uses such as hydropower. India is entitled to store up to Template:Convert of water in its projects. The three projects completed Template:As of, Salal, Baglihar and Dul Hasti, have a combined storage capacity of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Pakistan has four headworks on the Chenab: Template:Columns-list
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
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Template:Waters of India Template:Waters of Pakistan Template:Five rivers of the Punjab Template:Geo HP Template:PunjabGeography Template:Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir Template:Waters of South Asia