Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Australian English Template:Infobox protected area The Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park is a national park that is located in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia.<ref name=R1>Template:Cite book</ref> The Template:Convert national park is situated approximately Template:Convert northeast of Melbourne, and extends west from Beechworth across the Hume Freeway and the Albury-Melbourne railway line to the west of Chiltern.<ref name=R2>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=R1 />

The park was established under the Template:Cite Legislation AU to protect a diverse range of threatened species and ecosystems.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R3>Template:Cite journal</ref> The distinctive features of the park include the Woolshed Falls, picturesque Mt Pilot summit, culturally significant Aboriginal rock art at Yeddonba and historical relics of the goldmining era scattered throughout.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R4>Template:Cite book</ref> The park is used for a number of recreational activities including bushwalking, hiking, trail riding, rock climbing, picnicking, camping, bird watching and prospecting.<ref name=R2 />

Background

History

At the time of European settlement, box-ironbark forests covered approximately Template:Convert or 13% of Victoria.<ref name=R5>Template:Cite journal</ref> As a result of settlement, nearly 80% of these forests were cleared and the remaining areas were badly degraded by grazing.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R5 /> The forests of the Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park are living testament to these claims with some of its natural systems deteriorated as a result of grazing, clearing, logging and mining.Template:Citation needed

When gold was discovered in the area during the mid-1800s, extensive alluvial and reef mining, quartz mining and gravel quarrying began.<ref name=R4 /> Fossicking, prospecting and gem hunting are still permitted within the park today.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R3 /> Evidence of these activities including disturbed ground, mullock heaps, dams and old mineshafts may be found scattered throughout the park.<ref name=R3 />

Pastoralists driving cattle through Chiltern, known at the time as Black Dog Creek, discovered the forests of box and ironbark during the 1930s.<ref name=R1 /><ref name=R3 /> The species were renowned for their strong durable timber and soon felled for fencing, construction and firewood.<ref name=R5 /> In fact, firewood collection continued until 2002 when the National Park was formed.<ref name=R2 /> A landscape that was originally dominated by large, mature trees and grassy forest floors quickly deteriorated into closely packed stands of multi-stemmed coppice regrowth.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R4 />

The clearing of land for agriculture and grazing impacted negatively on this landscape. Grazing continued through the Chiltern section of the park until the 1980s and the Mt Pilot section until the 1990s.<ref name=R2 /> Common problems associated with these activities including the introduction of pest species, soil compaction and erosion, increased salinity and habitat fragmentation were all reported as a result.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R5 />

Park establishment

The Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park is an amalgamation of two separate parks, each with distinct geological, historical and ecological profiles.

The Chiltern Regional Park, first known as the Chiltern State Park, was a Template:Convert Box-ironbark forest that was reserved in 1980 following the 1977 Land Conservation Council (LCC) recommendations.<ref name=R1 /><ref name=R3 /> The Mt Pilot Multipurpose Park was also established under the 1977 LCC recommendations.<ref name=R3 /> The Environment Conservation Council (ECC) replaced the LCC in 1997 and gave rise to the Chiltern Box-ironbark National Park of Template:Convert.<ref name=R3 /><ref name=R5 />

When the Victorian State parliament gave assent to the Template:Cite Legislation AU it initiated the creation of a highly protected system of parks and reserves.<ref name=R5 /> The Chiltern Box-ironbark National Park and the Mt Pilot Multipurpose Park, in addition to Woolshed falls and surrounding land, were brought together to form Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park as it is known today.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R3 />

Ecology

Woodland in Mt Pilot section

The Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park falls within the Victorian Riverina and Northern Inland Slopes sub-bioregions.<ref name=R2 /> The Chiltern section of the park comprises low-lying hills formed from Ordovician sedimentary rock which are distinctly contrast to the rugged Devonian granite of the Mt Pilot section.<ref name=R3 /> The park protects a total 18 ecological vegetation classes (EVCs) of which four are threatened: Box-Ironbark, Spring-soak Woodland, Gilgai Plain Woodland/Wetland Mosaic and the Valley Grassy Forest.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R6>Template:Cite web</ref> The park supports over 600 native species of flora and has the most intact assemblage of fauna with more birds, mammals and reptiles recorded than any other Box-ironbark forest.<ref name=R6 /> Most notably, the Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park provides a critical habitat for the recovery of the barking owl (Ninox connivens) and brush-tailed phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa).<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R1 /><ref name=R6 /> It is part of the Warby–Chiltern Box–Ironbark region Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for the conservation of Box–Ironbark forest ecosystems and several species of threatened woodland birds dependent on them.<ref name=bli>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fauna

Grey kangaroos

The park supports a diverse range of native fauna with 276 different species of mammals, birds and reptiles being reported.<ref name=R2 /> As well as common species including the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae), the park is home to 43 fauna species listed as threatened; 21 one of which are listed under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R8 /> Some significant species are described in more detail below.

Squirrel glider

The squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) is a small to medium-sized arboreal marsupial that occupies a vast range of habitats throughout Eastern Australia.<ref name=R7>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is listed as a threatened species under the FFG Act 1988.<ref name=R8>Template:Cite web</ref> The gliders have highly specific feeding and nesting requirements and use trees to move through the landscape. Consequently, they are highly susceptible to changes in forest conditions.<ref name=R9>Template:Cite journal</ref> Squirrel gliders have a reported home range size of approximately Template:Convert in northeast Victoria.<ref name=R10>Template:Cite journal</ref> This size can vary greatly and is strongly influenced by the availability of food and the quality of the forest habitat.<ref name=R10 /> The glider's diet consists of arthropods, nectars and insect exudates with foraging accounting for a high proportion of their nocturnal activity.<ref name=R7 /><ref name=R9 /><ref name=R11>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most of their time is spent in living eucalypt trees with a strong preference for large, mature trees in flower.<ref name=R11 /> Gliders use dead trees to shelter in and facilitate movement through the forest.<ref name=R11 />

Brush-tail phascogale

Brush-tail phascogales (Phascogale tapoatafa) are small carnivorous, arboreal marsupials that are solitary by nature.<ref name=R12>Template:Cite journal</ref> They breed once per year with all males dying at the end of each breeding season.<ref name=R12 /> These mammals are widely distributed across Australia but habitat loss and degradation following European settlement in Victoria has meant this species is now listed as threatened.<ref name=R13>Template:Cite journal</ref> The average home range size for females is Template:Convert and for males it often exceeds Template:Convert.<ref name=R13 />

Phascogales are regarded as foraging generalists with invertebrates comprising the bulk of their diet.<ref name=R11 /><ref name=R12 /><ref name=R13 /> Foraging in trees accounts for up to 90% of their nocturnal activity with larger trees offering greater surface areas for phascogales to forage on.<ref name=R11 /><ref name=R13 /> Large remnant trees also contain more hollows and potential nest sites than smaller trees.<ref name=R13 /> Phascogales typically occupy living trees of large diameter and it is not uncommon for them to maintain multiple nests across the majority of their home range.<ref name=R14>Template:Cite journal</ref> For these reasons, sites that offer mature, evenly spaced trees and well connected patches are considered the most suitable habitats.<ref name=R13 /><ref name=R14 />

Barking owl

The barking owl (Ninox connivens) is listed as threatened under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act.<ref name=R7 /> It is one of the largest native predators remaining in southern Australia and renowned for its unique prey holding behaviour.<ref name=R15>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=R16>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=R17>Template:Cite web</ref> As a predator, the owls have comparatively low abundance and require a constant source of high-energy food which makes them particularly vulnerable to habitat fragmentation and degradation.<ref name=R15 /> This highly territorial species has an average home range of approximately Template:Convert and requires large trees to maintain diurnal roosts.<ref name=R15 /> With one of the largest body sizes of any hollow-depended species in Australia, mature trees are essential to provide cavities big enough for nesting.<ref name=R16 /> A combination of drought and brushfire over the past ten years has led to a significant reduction in the number of breeding pairs residing in the Mt Pilot area.<ref name=R2 /> The Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park is now a critical habitat for the recovery of this species.<ref name=R2 />

Regent honeyeater

Populations of regent honeyeaters (Xanthomyza phrygia) were historically concentrated in three locations around Adelaide, northeast Victoria and central-east New South Wales, but are now locally extinct in South Australia.<ref name=R18>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=R19>Template:Cite journal</ref> They are considered to be nationally endangered with a population of approximately 1500 individuals remaining.<ref name=R19 /> The honeyeater typically inhabits eucalypt woodland and dry open forests.<ref name=R18 /> Their diets consist principally of insects and nectar and are occasionally supplemented with fruits.<ref name=R18 /><ref name=R20>Template:Cite journal</ref> Honeyeaters observed in northeast Victoria demonstrate a preference for box-ironbark forest, particularly the nectar from yellow gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) and winter flowering red ironbark (Eucalyptus tricarpa).<ref name=R18 />

Other species

In addition to the species described above, the Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park is home to a number of other significant fauna species. These include the painted honeyeater (Grantiella picta), swift parrot (Lathamus discolor), turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella), square-tailed kite (Lophoictinia isura), spot-tailed quoll (Cinclosoma punctatum), bandy bandy (Vermicella annulata), woodland blind snake (Ramphotyphlops proximus) and brown toadlet (Pseudophryne bibronii).<ref name=R2 />

Flora

The Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park protects 42 threatened species of flora of which ten are listed under the Template:Cite Legislation AU.<ref name=R2 /> This includes a range of species such as the crimson spider orchid (Caladenia concolor), yellow hyacinth-orchid (Dipodium hamiltonianum), sturdy leek orchid (Prasophyllum validum), Warby swamp gum (Eucalyptus cadens), mountain swainson-pea (Swainsona recta) and the narrow goodenia (Goodenia macbarronii) that are listed as endangered or vulnerable in Victoria.<ref name=R21>Template:Cite web</ref> Other significant flora species found within the park are described below.

Red ironbark

Red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), also known as mugga ironbark, grows to a height of Template:Convert in open forests along the inland slopes of the Great Dividing Range in Victoria, New South Wales and southern Queensland.<ref name=R22>Template:Cite journal</ref> Flowering occurs throughout the year with seven small flower buds in umbels appearing in the axils of mature leaves.<ref name=R22 /> Small fruits measuring Template:Convert appear approximately one month after flowering.<ref name=R22 /><ref name=R23>Template:Cite journal</ref> Leaf size is known to vary in response to environmental factors including water availability and soil composition.<ref name=R24>Template:Cite journal</ref> Both the swift parrot and regent honeyeater visit the park during winter to take advantage of the red ironbark's peak flowering period.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R23 />

Black cypress pine

The park has the largest reserved population of black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri) in Victoria.<ref name=R2 /> The native conifer is commonly found in the hilly areas of southeast Australia where the climates are relatively warm and dry.<ref name=R25>Template:Cite journal</ref> The monoecious species is wind pollinated and described as having mostly erect branches, tough furrowed bark and dark green foliage.<ref name=R26>Template:Cite journal</ref> The species exhibits strong drought tolerance and an ability to survive in densely crowded strands though the rate of maturation can be slowed under these conditions.<ref name=R25 /> The pine is vulnerable to changes in rainfall and grazing pressure from rabbits and deer.<ref name=R25 /><ref name=R26 /> The pine is highly susceptible to fire and mortality usually follows exposure.<ref name=R25 /> The Chiltern-Mt Pilot pine population was severely affected by the 2003 Eldorado fire.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R25 /> This places the species at greater risk of local extinction from future fires, particularly if two fires were to occur in close succession.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R25 />

Mt Pilot spider orchid

The Mt Pilot spider orchid (Caladenia pilotensis) is a rare orchid species currently listed as threatened under the Template:Cite Legislation AU and endangered by the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE).<ref name=R21 /><ref name=R27>Template:Cite journal</ref> The species is described as having a hairy stem that grows to approximately Template:Convert in height, a single basal leaf and light green to yellow coloured flower with pale red shading.<ref name=R28>Template:Cite report</ref> The deciduous herb originates from a population of approximately 100 individuals located inside a Template:Convert radius in the Mt-Pilot section of the park.<ref name=R27 /> It can be found in four small groups on the well-drained soils of the open grassy forest floor.<ref name=R28 /> Little is known about the ecology of this orchid but it is reported that pollination is severely restricted or absent in small populations.<ref name=R27 /> This problem is exacerbated by a decline in the rate of flowering as the eucalyptus forests recover from the 2003 bushfires.<ref name=R28 /> The risk of local extinction is high owing to the small population size and the threat of animal grazing, soil disturbance and weed invasion.<ref name=R28 />

Blakely’s red gum

Blakely's red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi) is a common native Australian eucalypt found on the inland slopes of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales and Victoria.<ref name=R29>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=R30>Template:Cite journal</ref> The evergreen tree grows to a height of Template:Convert and flowers predominantly between November and December on a two to three-year cycle depending on environmental conditions.<ref name=R29 /> Seedling establishment is affected by common factors including temperature, light, litter accumulation, grazing, fire, frost and insect predation.<ref name=R30 />

Environmental threats

Erosion prone soils of Mt Pilot section.

Northeast Victoria is susceptible to periodic natural disasters including fire, flood and drought. Major bushfires have occurred in the Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park in 1899, 1912, 1927, 1940 and 2003.<ref name=R2 /> Bushfires in National Parks are likely to lead to the loss of conservation areas, significant species and communities and park infrastructure including toilet blocks, picnic areas, lookouts, car parks, signage and tracks.<ref name=R31>Template:Cite journal</ref> While some species benefit from burns through heat activated germination, others like the isolated populations of black cypress pine or Mount Pilot spider orchids may face local extinction.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R25 /><ref name=R27 />

Flood events and heavy rains have the potential to result in severe erosion given the park's duplex soils and steep inclines.<ref name=R2 /> During flood events, contaminants such as mercury can be mobilised and transformed into chemicals that jeopardize the health of the park's aquatic systems.<ref name=R32>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is likely that past mining practices have led to heavy metal contamination in the park's waterways and sediments.<ref name=R32 />

Pest plants including Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides), furze (Ulex europaeus) and paterson's curse (Echium plantagineum) have been identified as problematic weeds within the park that pose a threat to native flora populations.<ref name=R2 /> St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) and prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) occurring in the Mt Pilot Range have been brought under control but continued management is required.<ref name=R6 /> Pest animals known to occur within the park include the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and feral cat (Felis catus).<ref name=R2 /> Foxes and cats pose serious predation risks to native fauna while rabbits impact on native flora and are notorious for the degree of soil disturbance caused by burrowing.<ref name=R33>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Park management

Approach

The Chiltern Mt-Pilot National Park Management Plan was prepared in October 2008 in accordance with the Template:Cite Legislation AU.<ref name=R2 /> The plan outlines the park's values and attractions and sets the basis and future direction for its long term management and protection. Key elements of the plan include the protection of threatened species and ecological communities, protection of Indigenous culture and history, invasive species management, sustainable recreation, tourism and support for community based management and participation.

The management plan was prepared by Parks Victoria using evidence from existing reports and studies of the area, a best practise approach and community consultation.<ref name=R2 /><ref name=R34>Template:Cite journal</ref> The plan clearly articulates the park's significance and values in terms of natural resources, culture, history, tourism and recreation as well as providing an extensive list of legislative requirements and ECC recommendations with which it complies.<ref name=R2 /> As a model for the management of landscape diversity, there is significant emphasis placed on conservation and protection through zoning.<ref name=R35>Template:Cite web</ref> Zoning is said to reflect the park's management priorities by assisting with the protection of sensitive and fragile environments and minimising the impact of potentially harmful activities.<ref name=R2 />

Outcomes

A community based approach to natural resource management is reflected through collaborative partnerships with groups including Friends, Landcare and other volunteers who play an active role in monitoring and research activities.<ref name=R35 /> The Friends of Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park Inc. report that a range of activities have been undertaken since 2009 including removal of weeds, tree planting, site maintenance, sign posting, monitoring of nesting boxes, release of captive bred species and counting of significant species.<ref name=R35 />

See also

• Protected areas of Victoria