Chinatown, London

Template:Short description Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox UK place Template:Infobox Chinese

Chinatown is an ethnic enclave in the City of Westminster, London, bordering Soho to its north and west, Theatreland to the south and east. The enclave currently occupies the area in and around Gerrard Street. It contains a number of Chinese restaurants, bakeries, supermarkets, souvenir shops, and other Chinese-run businesses. The first Chinatown was located in Limehouse in the East End.

History

The first area in London known as Chinatown was located in the Limehouse area of the East End of London.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> At the start of the 20th century, the Chinese population of London was concentrated in that area, setting up businesses which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented in Docklands. The area was known through exaggerated reports and tales of slum housing and (the then-legal) opium dens, rather than the Chinese restaurants and supermarkets of the current Chinatown. However, much of the area was damaged by aerial bombing during the Blitz in the Second World War, although a number of elderly Chinese still choose to live in this area. After the Second World War, however, the growing popularity of Chinese cuisine and an influx of immigrants from Hong Kong led to an increasing number of Chinese restaurants being opened elsewhere.

The present Chinatown, which is off Shaftesbury Avenue did not start to be established until the 1970s. Previously, it was a regular Soho area, run-down, with Gerrard Street the main thoroughfare. It was dominated by the Post Office, facing Macclesfield Street, and other major establishments were The Tailor & Cutter House, at 43/44, now a Chinese supermarket and restaurant, the Boulogne Restaurant, near the Wardour Street end, and by Peter Mario's Restaurant at the other end. Other businesses included a master baker's, the Sari Centre, Lesgrain French Coffee House, Harrison Marks' Glamour Studio, an Indian restaurant and various brothels. Probably the first Chinese restaurants opened in Lisle Street,<ref>In the 1950s, followed by SeeWoo, a Chinese supermarket, still serving the community today. Lisle Street was the Mecca of electronic junk, attracting hifi and television enthusiasts from all over southern England</ref> parallel to Gerrard Street, and more opened gradually; one of the first restaurants was Kowloon Restaurant. The Tailor & Cutter did not close down until around 1974. The area now has more than 80 restaurants.<ref>"Giles Coren reviews Empress of Sichuan". The Times. 20 February 2010.</ref>

In 2005, the property developer Rosewheel proposed a plan to redevelop the eastern part of Chinatown. The plan was opposed by many of the existing retailers in Chinatown, as they believe that the redevelopment would drive out the traditional Chinese retail stores from the area and change the ethnic characteristic of Chinatown. In October 2013 and July 2018, the London Chinatown Community Centre (LCCC) organised a one-day shutdown in protest of violent tactics by immigration officers from the Home Office.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The London Chinatown Community Centre (LCCC) has been housed in the Chinatown area since it was founded in 1980 by Dr Abraham Lue. The Centre claims to have received 40,000 people for help and assistance since its foundation. Located since 1998 on the second floor of 28-29 Gerrard Street, the Centre relocated to 2 Leicester Court in 2012, above the Hippodrome Casino.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 25 July 2016, a new Chinatown gate on Wardour Street was opened by the then Prince Andrew, Duke of York (later Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor). It was made by Chinese artisans and assembled in London. The gate is in the style of the Qing dynasty.<ref name="about1">Template:Cite web</ref>

There was a Chinese-style pavilion at Newport Place from the 1980s which was a popular meeting point, but it was demolished in 2016 after more than thirty years, despite protests. The development authorities had plans to renovate and enlarge the square.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The construction of a new pavilion at a different location was announced.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography

Chinatown has no officially defined size, but it has commonly been considered to approximately encompass Gerrard Street, the bottom half of Wardour Street, Rupert Street and Rupert Court, a section of Shaftesbury Avenue and Lisle Street, Macclesfield Street and Newport Place, Newport Court and Little Newport Street.<ref name="about1"/>

Charing Cross Road – built 1887, and named as it led to the cross at Charing, from the Old English word "cierring", referring to a bend in the River Thames<ref>Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p65</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Helen Bebbington London Street Names (1972)</ref><ref>Bebbington (1972), p. 81</ref>
Coventry Street – after Henry Coventry, Secretary of State to Charles II, who lived near here in Shaver's Hall<ref>Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p. 84</ref><ref>Bebbington (1972), p. 100</ref>
Cranbourn Street – built in the 1670s and named after local landowner the Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranbourn (or Cranbourne) after the town in Dorset<ref>Fairfield, p. 85</ref><ref>Bebbington (1972), p. 101</ref>
Dansey Place – unknown; formerly named George Yard, after a pub adjacent called the George and Dragon<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gerrard Place and Gerrard Street – after Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, who owned this land when the street as built in the 1680s; the form ‘Gerrard’ developed in the 19th century<ref>Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p132</ref><ref>Bebbington, G. (1972) London Street Names, p141-2</ref>
Great Windmill Street – after a windmill that formerly stood near here in Ham Yard in the 16th-17th century; the ‘great’ prefix was to distinguish it from Little Windmill Street, now Lexington Street<ref>Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p143</ref><ref>Bebbington, G. (1972) London Street Names, p153</ref>
Horse and Dolphin Yard – after the Horse and Dolphin inn which stood here in the 17th – 19th centuries<ref>Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p164</ref><ref>Bebbington, G. (1972) London Street Names, p177</ref>
Leicester Court, Leicester Place, Leicester Square and Leicester Street – in the 17th and 18th centuries on the north side of the square was Leicester House, built by Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester and later the residence of Frederick, Prince of Wales; Leicester Court was formerly Ryder Court, after a local leaseholder, Richard Ryder, but was renamed in 1936<ref>Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p. 290</ref><ref>Bebbington, G. London Street Names (1972), pp. 74, 198</ref>
Lisle Street – after Philip, Viscount Lisle, who succeeded to the earldom of Leicester in 1677<ref>Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p193</ref><ref>Bebbington (1972), p. 200</ref>
Macclesfield Street – after Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, local landowner in the 17th century<ref>Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p. 202</ref><ref>Bebbington (1972), p. 208</ref>
Newport Court, Newport Place and Little Newport Street – after Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport (Isle of Wight), who owned a house on this street (then just Newport Street) in the 17th century. Following the construction of Charing Cross Road, Newport Street was split in two and the two sections renamed as they are today<ref>Fairfield, p. 281</ref>
Rupert Court and Rupert Street – after Prince Rupert of the Rhine, noted 17th century general and son of Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of King James I; he was First Lord of the Admiralty when this street was built in 1676<ref>Fairfield, p. 273</ref><ref>Bebbington (1972), p. 281</ref>
Shaftesbury Avenue – after Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, Victorian politician and philanthropist<ref>Fairfield, p. 292</ref><ref>Bebbington (1972), p. 298</ref>
Wardour Street – named after local 17th century landowners the Wardour family, and formerly called Colman Hedge Lane/Close after a nearby field; the section south of Brewer Street was formerly Prince Street prior to 1878, in parallel with Rupert Street<ref>Fairfield, p. 333</ref>

According to Paul Barker of the Institute of Community Studies, as of 1998, relatively few people of Chinese ancestry lived in Chinatown, and it instead served as an ethnic meeting place.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Education

Template:For

The City of Westminster operates the Charing Cross Library with the Westminster Chinese Library.<ref>"Charing Cross Library Template:Webarchive." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</ref><ref>"Westminster Chinese Library." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 1 April 2012.</ref>

Transport

The nearest London Underground stations are Leicester Square and Piccadilly Circus.

Popular culture

The song lyrics to Warren Zevon's 1978 hit song "Werewolves of London": "He was looking for the place called Lee Ho Fook‘s / Gonna get a big dish of beef chow mein" refer to Lee Ho Fook, a Chinese restaurant that stood on 15 Gerrard Street.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The films Ping Pong (1986) and Soursweet (1988) are set in Chinatown; they are regarded as the first British-Chinese films, and make extensive use of Chinatown locations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Car park

There is a China Town car park, which is underneath Vale Royal House, a large residential block in Newport Court, both built in the 1980s and managed by Westminster City Council.<ref>Vale Royal House at wikimapia.org, accessed 20 May 2020</ref>

Gallery

Chinatown, New Year 2009
The corner of Gerrard Street, 2013
Bilingual street sign
Details of the entrance gate on Wardour Street
A stone lion on Gerrard Street. Note the bilingual English/Chinese street sign in the background.