City Hall, Dublin

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Hiberno-English Template:Infobox building The City Hall, Dublin (Template:Irish place name), originally the Royal Exchange, is a civic building in Dublin, Ireland. It was built between 1769 and 1779, to the designs of architect Thomas Cooley, and is a notable example of 18th-century architecture in the city. Originally used by the merchants of the city, it is today the formal seat of Dublin City Council.

Location

City Hall is located on a slope on Dame Street, at the southern end of Parliament Street, on Dublin's southern side. It stands in front of part of Dublin Castle, the centre of British government in Ireland until 1922.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

The building occupied the site of what was formerly Cork House, the home of the Earl of Cork until his death in 1643, as well as Lucas's Coffee-House.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Prior to that point, the site was occupied by the church of St. Mary del Dam from which Dame Street gets its name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Parliament Street had been laid-out in 1753,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> providing a continuation of Capel Street on the north bank of the Liffey, across the newly widened Essex Bridge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Originally built as the Royal Exchange, the structure was designed by Thomas Cooley, who had won a design competition run for the project between 1768 and 1769.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The foundation stone was laid by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, George Townshend, 4th Viscount Townshend on 2 August 1769 and was officially opened for business in 1779.<ref name=penny>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The function of the building was to act as a form of stock exchange and to provide a meeting place for Dublin's businessmen. It was also close to the old Custom House making it convenient for overseas merchants. The cost of building the exchange was met by the Parliament of Ireland, and this is reflected by the initials "SPQH", standing for "Senatus PopulusQue Hibernicus", meaning "The senate and people of Ireland" (an Irish version of SPQR).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The city government had previously been located in the mediæval Tholsel at the corner of Nicholas Street and Christchurch Place, approximately 300 metres to the west where the Peace Park is now located as well in various other forms and locations including the Thingmount near present-day Suffolk Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the late 18th century, meetings were held at what is now City Assembly House on South William Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1815 the metal balustrade of the exchange fell, owing to the pressure against it by a crowd, which led to the death of nine people, with many more injured. This led to crowd restrictions in the building.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the 1850s, Dublin Corporation bought the Royal Exchange and converted it for use by the city government. The changes included the construction of partitions around the ambulatory, the addition of a new staircase from the rotunda to the upper floors, and the sub-division of the vaults for storage. On 30 September 1852, the Royal Exchange was renamed City Hall at the first meeting of Dublin City Council held there. The ward name "Royal Exchange" was retained, corresponding to the current electoral divisions of Royal Exchange A and B.<ref>Template:Cite Irish legislation</ref> A series of frescos were later added, representing the regions of Ireland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the 1916 Easter Rising, the City Hall was used as a garrison for the Irish Citizen Army. Sean Connolly seized the building using a key which he obtained as he worked in the motor department and had access to the building. There were 35 people based here, mostly women. It was in this area where the first casualty of the rising, a guard named James O’Brien, occurred at Dublin Castle and he was shot by Sean Connolly while on duty. In total, the entire siege lasted about 12 hours.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Structure

The exterior of the building is primarily made out of white Portland stone from a quarry in Dorset.<ref name="brochure">Template:Cite web</ref> The carved capitals were by Simon Vierpyl, and plasterwork by the stuccodore Charles Thorpe. The neo-classical building contains a central entrance hall or Rotunda, with a large dome supported by twelve columns which are surrounded by an ambulatory where merchants strolled and discussed business meetings.<ref name="brochure"/> The twelve columns supporting the dome are Template:Convert high and the dome itself is another Template:Convert high above that.<ref name=penny/>

Patrick Wyse Jackson, curator of the Geological Museum in Trinity College, assessed the building in 1993 as part of his book "The Building Stones of Dublin: A Walking Guide" and made the following observation:Template:Sfn

"...it is faced with Portland Stone and capped with a fine pattinated-copper green dome. Examination of the stone facing the River Liffey shows that it has deteriorated badly. It is blistered in places and supports a good population of algae and mosses. These plants tend to retain water, which accelerates the breakdown of the Portland Stone".

Use

Some council meetings take place in City Hall.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dublin Corporation itself was renamed in the early 21st century as Dublin City Council, previously the name of the assembly of councillors only. Most City Council staff work in the newer, brutalist style, Civic Offices, controversially built from 1979 on the site of a national monument, the Viking city foundations on Wood Quay, a short distance away.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

There is an exhibition on the history of Dublin City, called "Dublin City Hall, The Story of the Capital", located in the vaults of the building.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>