Clevedon, New Zealand
Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Infobox settlement
Clevedon (Template:Langx),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> previously known as Wairoa South, is a rural town to the south-east of Auckland, New Zealand, in the local government area of Franklin. The area is part of the rohe of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, who settled around the Wairoa River. The original township was founded in the 1850s, and was named Clevedon in 1866. Over time, it has developed into a centre for the dairy industry south-east of Auckland.
Several popular beaches are close to Clevedon, including Umupuia Beach and Kawakawa Bay. The Duder Regional Park is between these two beaches.
Geography
Clevedon is located along the Wairoa River, a stream which grows into an estuarial arm of the Hauraki Gulf, at the navigable headland of the river.<ref name="RiverSurveyII">Template:Cite report</ref> It is Template:Convert south-east of the Auckland City Centre, and Template:Convert from the Manukau Central. To the south-east of Clevedon rise the rugged hills of the Hunua Ranges.
Prior to human settlement, the area was swampland, and Bush moa, Mantell's moa and North Island giant moa bones have been found in the vicinity.<ref>Template:Cite q</ref>
History
Māori settlement
The area was visited by the Tainui migratory waka around the year 1300. Tainui followers of Manawatere, who identified as Ngā Oho, decided to settle the Pōhutukawa Coast and the Wairoa River.<ref name="AucklandCouncilDuder">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Cultural Heritage"/> Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki traditional stories talk about the land already being occupied by the supernatural Tūrehu people, and many place names in the area reference Tūrehu figures, such as Hinerangi and Manawatere.<ref name="AucklandCouncilDuder"/> The Wairoa River's traditional name, Te Wairoa ("The Great River") was named by early Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki ancestors of the Tainui waka, referencing Te Vairoa in Rarotonga, which in turn took its name from a similarly named river in Tahiti.<ref name="Cultural Heritage">Template:Cite report</ref> Te Wairoa was a name applying to the river mouth and surrounding area, while Ōtau referred to the areas further upstream, including around Clevedon.<ref name="Cultural Heritage"/>
The early Tāmaki Māori hapū of the Wairoa river valley between the 14th and 16th centuries included Te Ngungukauri, Te Uri Kupai, Ngāti Ruangaingai and Ngāti Parahanga, who identified as both Ngāti Tai Manawaiti, and Ngā Iwi (Waiohua). The related hapū were united under the rangatira Te Wana in the early 18th century, under the name Ngāti Tai (now more widely known as Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki).<ref name="Cultural Heritage"/> The river mouth formed the traditional heartland of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki.<ref name="BeachlandsRd">Template:Cite report</ref> Ngāi Tai peoples traditionally lived in seasonal cycles, focusing on fishing and shellfish collecting, cultivations and collecting berries and snaring birds in the river's upper reaches, depending on the season.<ref name="Cultural Heritage"/> The river-mouth was used as a summer pioke (Shortspine spurdog shark) fishing ground, which were dried for the winter months.<ref name="Cultural Heritage"/><ref name="AucklandCouncilDuder"/> Ngāi Tai settled at many pā and kāinga along the river, especially at the river's mouth.<ref name="Deed">Template:Cite report</ref>
Ngā Tai settlements in the area include Ōtau and Tuawa near modern-day Clevedon, Tararua near the mouth of the Rautawhiti Stream, and at Takatekauere, Te Totara, Te Ruato and Pehuwai on the western side of Te Wairoa River. Between the 1830s and 1863, the Te Hingawaka hapū of Ngāti Pāoa lived at the base of Te Oue pā, north-west of the Wairoa River mouth.<ref name="Harsant">Template:Cite q</ref>
When William Thomas Fairburn visited the area in 1833, it was mostly unoccupied due to the events of the Musket Wars, as most members of Ngāi Tai had fled to temporary refuge in the Waikato.<ref name="AucklandCouncilDuder"/><ref name="BeachlandsRd"/> In 1836, Fairburn purchased 40,000 acres between Ōtāhuhu and Umupuia (Duders Beach), including much of the catchment of the Wairoa River.<ref name="BeachlandsRd"/> Fairburn's Purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission in 1841 and 1842 and found to be excessive and reduced in size. The disallowed parts of his purchase were not returned to Ngāi Tai, however in 1854 a reserve was created for Ngāi Tai around Umupuia.<ref name="BeachlandsRd"/>
European settlement
The first settlers in the area were D. McNicol and Mr G. Hoye, who purchased 1,100 acres on the eastern banks of the Wairoa River, and settled with their families circa 1852.<ref name="ClevedonVillageArchaeology">Template:Cite report</ref> They were joined by other early settlers within the next few years, and a community called Wairoa was established around the navigable headland of the Wairoa River.<ref name="ClevedonVillageArchaeology"/> Early settlers cleared native bush for farming, worked flax mills in swampy areas, and harvested kauri logs, which were transported to Auckland to be processed.<ref name="ClevedonVillageArchaeology"/> Ngāi Tai held a defended settlement on the eastern banks of the Wairoa River opposite the new settlement, known as Ōtau. During the first decade post European settlement, Ngāi Tai and the European settlers had cordial relations, trading goods and assisting each other.<ref name="Cultural Heritage"/> In September 1863 during the Invasion of the Waikato, Ōtau was attacked by the British army, and the village was evacuated. After which, the residents moved to live in communities at the river's mouth. For the remainder of the war, Ngāi Tai were designated as a "friendly" people by the Crown, and remained neutral in the fighting.<ref name="Cultural Heritage"/> During the war, military blockades were placed on either side of the Wairoa River, including the Galloway Redoubt.<ref>Template:Cite q</ref> After the Native Lands Act of 1865, the Native Land Court individuated the collective Ngāi Tai lands, and in the process the majority of land near the Wairoa River was alienated and sold to European farmers.<ref name="Cultural Heritage"/> During European settlement, most of the Wairoa River catchment was deforested.<ref name="CatchmentAction">Template:Cite report</ref>
The first bridge across the Wairoa River was constructed by the early 1860s from timber.<ref name="ClevedonVillageArchaeology"/> In 1865, 150 new immigrants from Scotland on board the Viola arrived at Wairoa, settling around the former Ōtau kāinga. The allotments were not sufficient to sustain a village, and the immigrants gradually moved away or closer to the settlement near the Wairoa Bridge.<ref name="ClevedonVillageArchaeology"/> In 1866, the settlement changed its name to Clevedon. The name was chosen by local residents C.W. Stephens and Le Gally, named after the town of Clevedon in Somerset, England, where Le Gally . Many of the early settlers were Scottish, and had difficulties adopting the name.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All Souls Church, built in the Selwyn style and located in Clevedon, is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II structure, with registration number 682.<ref name="NZHPT 682">Template:NZHPT</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dairy farming became the major industry in Clevedon until the 1900s.<ref name="ClevedonVillageArchaeology"/>
Demographics
Statistics New Zealand describes Clevedon as a rural settlement. It covers Template:Convert<ref name="Area">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and had an estimated population of Template:NZ population data 2018 as of Template:NZ population data 2018 with a population density of Template:Decimals people per km2. Clevedon settlement is part of the larger Clevedon statistical area.
Template:Historical populations Clevedon had a population of 576 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 72 people (14.3%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 111 people (23.9%) since the 2013 census. There were 279 males and 294 females in 204 dwellings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 3.6% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 39.7 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 117 people (20.3%) aged under 15 years, 99 (17.2%) aged 15 to 29, 279 (48.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 78 (13.5%) aged 65 or older.<ref name="Census 2023"/>
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 91.1% European (Pākehā); 11.5% Māori; 6.2% Pasifika; 4.7% Asian; 0.5% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.1% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 97.4%, Māori language by 2.1%, Samoan by 0.5%, and other languages by 8.9%. No language could be spoken by 2.1% (e.g. too young to talk). The percentage of people born overseas was 20.8, compared with 28.8% nationally.<ref name="Census 2023"/>
Religious affiliations were 35.9% Christian, 1.0% Hindu, 0.5% Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% Buddhist, 0.5% New Age, and 0.5% Jewish. People who answered that they had no religion were 54.2%, and 6.2% of people did not answer the census question.<ref name="Census 2023"/>
Of those at least 15 years old, 162 (35.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 219 (47.7%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 72 (15.7%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $60,900, compared with $41,500 nationally. 123 people (26.8%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 258 (56.2%) people were employed full-time, 75 (16.3%) were part-time, and 9 (2.0%) were unemployed.<ref name="Census 2023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Clevedon statistical area
Clevedon statistical area covers Template:Convert<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and had an estimated population of Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2 as of Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2 with a population density of Template:Decimals people per km2.
Template:Historical populations Clevedon had a population of 1,581 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 84 people (5.6%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 153 people (10.7%) since the 2013 census. There were 795 males and 786 females in 570 dwellings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 2.3% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 44.7 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 270 people (17.1%) aged under 15 years, 276 (17.5%) aged 15 to 29, 780 (49.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 252 (15.9%) aged 65 or older.<ref name="Census 2023 C"/>
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 91.8% European (Pākehā); 10.6% Māori; 3.4% Pasifika; 4.2% Asian; 0.8% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.9% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 98.5%, Māori language by 2.1%, Samoan by 0.2%, and other languages by 8.3%. No language could be spoken by 1.1% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.4%. The percentage of people born overseas was 21.6, compared with 28.8% nationally.<ref name="Census 2023 C"/>
Religious affiliations were 34.0% Christian, 1.1% Hindu, 0.2% Islam, 0.4% Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% Buddhist, 0.6% New Age, 0.4% Jewish, and 0.9% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 56.9%, and 5.3% of people did not answer the census question.<ref name="Census 2023 C"/>
Of those at least 15 years old, 414 (31.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 663 (50.6%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 234 (17.8%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $58,500, compared with $41,500 nationally. 333 people (25.4%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 735 (56.1%) people were employed full-time, 210 (16.0%) were part-time, and 18 (1.4%) were unemployed.<ref name="Census 2023 C">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable places
Clevedon Scenic Reserve is a Template:Cvt nature reserve that was established in 1930, formerly a part of William Thorp's farm. The reserve includes native bush such as pūriri, tōtara and taraire, a wetland, a quarry that was abandoned in 1957, and a viewpoint at the top of a Template:Cvt hill.<ref name="GreaterWalks2021">Template:Citeq</ref>
The local Umupuia Marae and Ngeungeu meeting house is a traditional meeting place for Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki and the Waikato Tainui hapū of Ngāti Koheriki and Ngāi Tai.<ref name="tkmentry">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="maorimaps">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Primary source inline
The McNicol Homestead is the former home of the McNicol family that was built in 1878. Currently it is leased as a museum by the Clevedon Historical Society.<ref name="MCC">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Paton Homestead was built Template:Circa1870 for the Paton family, who were early settlers of Clevedon.<ref name="MCC"/>
The Clevedon Post Office was built in 1909 and is a landmark for the town.<ref name="MCC"/>
All Souls Church was built in 1861 and was opened by Bishop Selwyn.<ref name="MCC"/>
Education
Clevedon School is a coeducational full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of Template:NZ school roll data as of Template:NZ school roll data<ref>Template:TKI</ref> The school began in 1859 as Wairoa School and moved to its current site in 1878. In 1895 it became Clevedon School.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Local government
The first local government in the area was the Wairoa Highway District, established in 1862, and was absorbed into the Manukau County in 1918.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Clevedon became a part of Manukau City in 1965,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Clevedon is part of the Franklin local board area, who elects members of the Franklin Local Board. Residents of Clevedon also elect the Franklin ward councillor, who sits on the Auckland Council.
Notable people
- Phil Goff, politician and Auckland mayor
References
External links
Template:Authority control Template:Franklin Local Board Area Wairoa Subdivision Template:Subject bar