Clintonia

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:For Template:Automatic taxobox

Clintonia is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family Liliaceae. Plants of the genus are distributed across the temperate regions of North America and eastern Asia,<ref name="POWO 30082121-2"/><ref name="BONAP county" /> in the mesic understory of deciduous or coniferous forests.Template:Sfn The genus, first described by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1818,<ref name="Rafinesque 1818" /> was named for DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828), a naturalist and politician from the U.S. state of New York.<ref name="Rafinesque 1832" /><ref name="Quattrocchi 2012" /> For this reason, plants of the genus are commonly known as Clinton's lily. The common name bluebead (and by extension bluebead lily) refer to the distinctive fruit of members of the genus.<ref name="USDA CLINT" /> Since fruit color varies somewhat across species, the common name bead lily is used as well.<ref name="FEIS cliuni" />

Description

The genus Clintonia is morphologically diverse.Template:Sfn Species are herbaceous perennial plants growing from rhizomatous underground stems with thin, fibrous roots. They grow from 1.5 to 8 dm tall. They have 2 to 6 basal leaves arising from the rhizome crown, the basal leaves are sessile and sheathing, and the cauline leaves have a stalk. The blade of each leaf has a prominent central vein and entire margins, and the bottom ends are obovate to oblanceolate in shape. The leaf apex is acute to abruptly short-acuminate, often mucronate (ending abruptly in a short sharp point). The inflorescences are terminal, and the flowers are arranged into short racemes or umbel-like clusters, with 1 to 45 flowers. The flowers have 6 tepals with nectaries present. The stamens are inserted at the base of the perianth, and the anthers are oblong-obovate to oblong-linear shaped. The rounded to cylinder shaped ovary is superior with two chambers (sometime three). Each chamber produces 2 to 10 ovules. The smooth fruits are berry-like, round to egg-shaped, metallic blue to black in color. Four to thirty seeds are produced in each fruit and the seeds are shiny brown, round and the ends are angled with 2 or 3 faces.<ref name="FNA 107362" /><ref name="FOC 107362" />Template:Sfn

Identification Key<ref name="FNA 107362" /><ref name="FOC 107362" />
1 Inflorescence single-flowered (5)
+ Inflorescence 3–45-flowered (2)
2 (1) Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in one or more short, terminal racemes (3)
+ Inflorescence 10–45-flowered, in one or more umbel-like clusters (4)
3 (2) Inflorescence 3–8(–10)-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals yellow to yellowish green, 12–16 mm long; filaments 12–17.5 mm long; anthers 2–3.5 mm long; berries ultramarine blue, 8–16-seeded; eastern North America Clintonia borealis
+ Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals white, sometimes bluish, 7–12 mm long; stamens 4–6(–8) mm long; berries blackish blue, many-seeded; eastern Asia Clintonia udensis
4 (2) Inflorescence 20–45-flowered, in a terminal umbel-like cluster, usually with one or more lateral clusters; tepals claret red, 10–18 mm long; filaments 7–10 mm long; anthers 1.8–2.8 mm long; berries blue to bluish black, 10–30-seeded; California, Oregon Clintonia andrewsiana
+ Inflorescence 10–25(–30)-flowered, in terminal umbel-like cluster (no lateral clusters); tepals white, often spotted purplish brown or green distally, 5.5–8 mm long; filaments 5.5–7 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries black, 2–4-seeded; eastern United States Clintonia umbellulata
5 (1) Inflorescence single-flowered (occasionally 2–flowered); tepals creamy white, 18–25 mm long; filaments 11–18 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries deep lustrous blue, 10–18-seeded; western North America Clintonia uniflora

Taxonomy

Template:As of, Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts the following species in the genus Clintonia Raf.:<ref name="POWO 30082121-2"/>

Image Scientific name Distribution
File:Clintonia andrewsiana.jpg Clintonia andrewsiana Torr. West Coast of the United States in California and Oregon
File:Clintonia borealis 140615.jpg Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. eastern North America
File:Clintonia udensis 2.JPG Clintonia udensis Trautv. & C.A.Mey. Russian Far East to southeast Asia
File:Clintonia umbellulata.jpg Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States
File:Clintonia uniflora Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest (WA) 25 June 2019.jpg Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth western North America

POWO also accepts the infraspecies Clintonia udensis var. alpina (Kunth ex Baker) H.Hara but some authorities do not accept this name.<ref name="POWO 77188910-1" />

Molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrate two major disjunct clades, in eastern Asia and in North America respectively, and with the latter in East and in West. Within the family Liliaceae, Clintonia is a sister group to Medeola.Template:Sfn

Distribution

There are five species of Clintonia, four in North America and one in Asia.

North America

Two species of Clintonia occur in western North America:

The remaining two species are found in eastern North America:

Canada

Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

The species C. borealis is also known to occur on the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon,<ref name="FNA 220003043" /> a French territory near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

United States

Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

Asia

The species C. udensis is found in eastern Asia, from the Russian Far East to southeast Asia, extending from the Kuril Islands in the Pacific Ocean to the Western Himalaya region.<ref name="POWO 533176-1" />

Ecology

Spring blooming.Template:Sfn

Cultivation

Clintonia species are cultivated as garden subjects in shade gardens, grown for the glossy foliage, small lily-like flowers, and blue fruits, and their ability to live in heavy shade. They grow best in cool, organic-rich, acid soils that retain moisture and when grown well form dense slowly spreading clumps.<ref name="Cullina2000">Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

Template:Commons category

Template:Liliaceae Template:Taxonbar

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Clintonia&oldid=452841"