Cnemidophorus

Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards in the family Teiidae. Species in the genus Cnemidophorus are commonly referred to as whiptail lizards or racerunners. The genus is native to South America, Central America, and the West Indies.

Taxonomy

Reeder et al. (2002) re-examined the nomenclature for the genus Cnemidophorus (sensu lato) and split it into the two genera Aspidoscelis and Cnemidophorus (sensu stricto). A further split by Harvey et al. (2012) added the genera Ameivula and Contomastix.

Etymology

The name Cnemidophorus literally means "greave-wearing", from the Ancient Greek Template:Transliteration (combining form of Template:Transliteration, "greave", a leg armor) and Template:Transliteration ("bearer").<ref>Webster's Third New International Dictionary: "New Latin, from Greek knēmidophoros wearing greaves, from knēmid-, knēmis greave + -phoros -phorous"</ref>

Reproduction

In some of the Cnemidophorus species, there are no males, and they reproduce through parthenogenesis. This is well known in bees and aphids, but is very rare in vertebrates. Those species without males are now known to originate through hybridization, or interspecific breeding. Occasionally, a mating between a female of one species and a male of another produces a parthenogen, a female that is able to produce viable eggs that are genetically identical to her own cells. The lizards that hatch from these eggs are thus also parthenogens that can again produce identical eggs, resulting in an asexual, clonal population. Parthenogenetic species resulting from a single hybridization are diploid (that is, they have two sets of chromosomes just as sexual species do), but sometimes these females mate with other males, producing offspring which are triploid (that is, they have three sets of chromosomes, or 50% more than equivalent sexual species; see polyploidy). Over 30% of the genus Cnemidophorus are parthenogenic.

Species

The genus Cnemidophorus (sensu stricto) contains the following species which are recognized as being valid.<ref>Template:EMBL genus. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>

• Cnemidophorus arenivagus Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus arubensis Template:Small – Aruba whiptail
• Cnemidophorus cryptus Template:Small – cryptic racerunner
• Cnemidophorus duellmani Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus espeuti Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus flavissimus Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus gaigei Template:Small – Gaige's rainbow lizard
• Cnemidophorus gramivagus Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus lemniscatus Template:Small – rainbow whiptail
• Cnemidophorus leucopsammus Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus murinus Template:Small – Laurent's whiptail
• Cnemidophorus nigricolor Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus pseudolemniscatus Template:Small – Cole's racerunner
• Cnemidophorus rostralis Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus ruatanus Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus ruthveni Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus senectus Template:Small
• Cnemidophorus splendidus Template:Small – blue rainbow lizard
• Cnemidophorus vanzoi Template:Small – Saint Lucia whiptail, Vanzo's whiptail

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Cnemidophorus.

See also

• Aspidoscelis
• Darevskia, another lizard genus containing several parthenogenic species.

References

Template:Reflist 3. “Western Whiptail Lizard.” Whiptail Lizard - Desert Wildlife, digital-desert.com/wildlife/whiptail-lizard.html

Further reading

• Harvey, Michael B.; Ugueto, Gabriel N.; Gutberlet, Ronald L. Jr. (2012). "Review of Teiid Morphology with a Revised Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Teiidae (Lepidosauria: Squamata)". Zootaxa 3459: 1–156.
• Wagler J (1830). Natürliches System der AMPHIBIEN, mit vorangehender Classification der SÄUGTHIERE und VÖGEL. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. Munich, Stuttgart and Tübingen: J.G. Cotta. vi + 354 pp. + one plate. (Cnemidophorus, new genus, p. 154). (in German and Latin).

External links

• Cnemidophorus deppei and other lizards of Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve, Nicaragua
• Reeder, Tod W.; Dessauer, Herbert C.; Cole, Charles J. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships of whiptail lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus (Squamata, Teiidae): a test of monophyly, reevaluation of karyotypic evolution, and review of hybrid origins". American Museum Novitates (3365): 1–61. [1]