Coach (sport)
Template:Short description Template:Infobox Occupation An athletic coach is a person coaching in sport, involved in the direction, instruction, and training of a sports team or athlete.
History
The original sense of the word Coach is that of a horse-drawn carriage, deriving ultimately from the Hungarian city of Kocs where such vehicles were first made. Students at the University of Oxford in the early nineteenth century used the slang word to refer to a private tutor who would drive a less able student through his examinations just like horse driving.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Britain took the lead in upgrading the status of sports in the 19th century. For sports to become professionalized, "coacher" had to become established. It gradually professionalized in the Victorian era and the role was well established by 1914. In the First World War, military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical conditioning and develop morale-building teams.<ref>Dave Day, Professionals, Amateurs and Performance: Sports Coaching in England, 1789–1914(2012)</ref>
Effectiveness
John Wooden had a philosophy of coaching that encouraged planning, organization, and understanding,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and that knowledge was important but not everything when being an effective coach.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Traditionally coaching expertise or effectiveness has been measured by win–loss percentage, satisfaction of players, or years of coaching experience,<ref name=":02">Template:Cite journal</ref> but like in teacher expertise those metrics are highly ambiguous.<ref name="O'Sullivan 176–185">Template:Cite journal</ref> Coaching expertise or effectiveness describes good coaching,<ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref> which looks at coaching behaviour,<ref name=Horn>Template:Cite book</ref> dispositions, education, experience,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and knowledge.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
A widely used definition of effective coaching is "the consistent application of integrated professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge, to improve athletes competence, confidence, connection, and character in specific coaching contexts".<ref name=":02"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Knowledge
Coaches need descriptive knowledge and procedural knowledge that can relate to all aspects of coaching, with expert coaches using tacit knowledge more freely.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Teachers' knowledge has been categorized,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> like coaches knowledge with various terms being used.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Such terms assist players and athletes' understand what the coach is trying to get them to execute. Augmented feedback is one of the terms used, which is the term used for the different ways a coach can give evaluations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Many categories fall under content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and pedagogical-content knowledge.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> When considering the need to build relationships with others<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and athletes,<ref name=":12">Template:Cite book</ref> interpersonal knowledge has been included.<ref name=":4" /> Then when considering professional development, which requires the skills to learn from experience<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while utilizing reflective practice,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> intrapersonal knowledge has been included.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref>
It is rare in professional sport for a team not to hire a former professional player, but playing and coaching have different knowledge bases.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The combination of professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge can lead to good thinking habits, maturity,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> wisdom,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and capacity to make reasonable judgements.<ref name=":02"/>
Professionalism
The subject, sport, curricular, and pedagogical knowledge all fall under this category of professional coaches knowledge.<ref name=":4" /> Including the "ologies" of sports science like;<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> sport psychology, sport biomechanics, sport nutrition, exercise physiology, motor control, critical thinking, sociology, strength and conditioning, and sporting tactics,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with all the associated sub areas of knowledge.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This category of knowledge is what most coach education has been focused on <ref name=":6">Template:Citation</ref> but this alone is not enough to be an effective coach.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Coaching is not just about sport specific skills <ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref> and education,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> especially when taking a holistic approach.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Keeping sports people safe,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and healthy <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while participating are responsibilities of a coach as well as awareness of social factors like the relative age effect.
Interpersonality
Much of coaching involves interacting with players, staff, community, opposition, and then family members in youth sport.<ref name=":4" /> The relationships built in a sports team influence the social interactions which can affect player performance and development, fan culture,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and in professional sport, financial backing. Effective coaches have knowledge that helps in all social contexts to make the best of each situation,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with the coach–athlete relationship.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> being one of the most crucial to get right.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Excellent communication skills are imperative for coaches in order to provide their athletes with the adequate skills, knowledge and mental as well as tactical ability.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Intrapersonality
A coaches ability to improve relies on professional development in continued learning which uses a combination of evaluation and reflective practice.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Their recognition of personal ethical views and disposition are also elements of intrapersonal knowledge.<ref name=":4" /> The understanding of oneself and ability to use introspection and reflection are skills that take time to develop,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> using deliberate practice in each changing context.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Coaching expertise requires this knowledge much like teachers <ref name="O'Sullivan 176–185"/> as each experience can confirm or contradict a prior belief in player performance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The internal and external framing of a coaches role can impact their reflection,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> suggesting perspective can be a limitation promoting the idea of a coaching community for feedback.
Athlete outcomes
The coaching behavior assessment system has been used <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> to show that coaching knowledge and behavior have significant influence on participants psychological profile affecting self-esteem, motivation,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> satisfaction, attitudes,<ref name=":12"/> perceived competence,<ref name=":02" /> and performance.<ref name=":42" /> For a coach to be seen as effective, the people they work with should be improving,<ref name=Horn/> with expert coaches being able to sustain that over an extended period of time.<ref name=":5" /> There are various areas of development that can be categorized, which was first done with a 5 C's model: competence, confidence, connection, character and compassion <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and was then later shortened to a 4 C's model by combining character and compassion.<ref name=":22"/>
People's competence can relate to their sport-specific technical and tactical skills, performance skills, improved health and fitness, and overall training habits. Their confidence relating to an internal sense of overall positive self-worth. Having a good connections is the positive bonds and social relationships with people inside and outside of the sporting context. Then character is respect for the sport and other participating showing good levels of morality, integrity, empathy, and responsibility.<ref name=":02" />
The competence of a person is linked to leadership<ref name=":42">Template:Citation</ref> and centered around becoming a self-reliant member of a sports team and society in the coaching context.<ref name=":22"/> Competencies have guided much of sport psychology<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> supporting positive youth development.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
The self-determination theory suggests an environment that supports autonomous decision making, can help develop competence, confidence, and connection to others affecting motivation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Effective coaches therefore create supportive environments <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while building good relationships with the people they coach.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Support staff
In professional sports, a coach is usually supported by one or more assistant coaches and a specialist team including sports scientists. The staff may include coordinators, a strength and conditioning coach, sport psychologist, physiotherapist, nutritionist, biomechanist, or sports analyst.
Association football
In association football, the roles of a coach can vary depending on the level of seniority they are coaching at, the professional level that they are coaching at, and the country they are coaching in, amongst others.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In youth football, the duties of a coach is primarily to aid in the development of technical skills.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Additional skills that are important for a coach to help youth players develop is motor skills, stamina and the ability to read the game of play accordingly.
A solid foundation of tactical awareness is imperative for youth players to develop, because by the time they reach senior level (aged 18 and over), they are expected to know the tactical basis of the game - first team coaches at senior level do not actively teach tactics, they mainly just implement them. Therefore, youth coaches need to have a solid understanding of the tactics of the game, so that they can facilitate, as a pedagogue, for their players' growth also on the tactical level.
In professional football, the role of the coach or trainer is focused on the training and development of a club's first team.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This means that the head coach is responsible for the first team strategy, development, training session schedule and player development. The head coach is accompanied by one or more assistant coaches, and is also assisted by medical staff and athletic trainers. A first team coach at a professional level is expecting of players to already be well-versed into the (general) tactics of football, so that the coach can instead focus on implementing their version of football tactics (style of play) into the team.
In English football, the director of a professional football team is commonly awarded the position of manager, a role that combines the duties of coach and sporting director.
All coaches of association football teams need to carefully consider the tactical ability and skill level of their teams when selecting tactics and strategy for games as well as practice.
Ice hockey
Template:See also The coach in ice hockey is the person responsible for directing the team during games and practices, prepares strategy and decides which players will participate in games.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
United Kingdom
Cricket
Template:Main cat Coaches have much less of a role in cricket matches than in other sports, with the team captain making most strategic decisions for their team. During the game, cricket coaches generally focus on occasionally sending out messages or feedback to the team, especially during breaks in the play such as time-outs; otherwise, most coaches have an auxiliary role in helping the players practice, with each one generally specializing in improving the batting and bowling skills of the players.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In recent years, fielding coaches have received more priority, as the shorter formats of the game have made good fielding more valuable.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
United States
Template:Original research Template:Multiple image All major U.S. collegiate sports have associations for their coaches to engage in professional development activities, but some sports' professional coaches have less formal associations, without developing into a group resembling a union in the way that athletic players in many leagues have.
U.S. collegiate coaching contracts require termination without the payment of a settlement if the coach is found to be in serious violation of named rules, usually with regard to the recruiting or retention of players in violation of amateur status.
The NFL head coaches have an association, called NFL Coaches Association (NFLCA), which includes almost all the coaches in the NFL.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
American baseball
Template:Main Template:See also At baseball's professional level in North America, the person who heads the coaching staff does not use the title of "head coach", but is instead called the field manager. Baseball "coaches" at that level are members of the coaching staff under the overall supervision of the manager, with each coach having a specialized role. The baseball field manager is essentially equivalent a head coach in other American professional sports leagues; player transactions are handled by the general manager. The term manager used without qualification almost always refers to the field manager, while the general manager is often called the GM.
At amateur levels, the terminology is more similar to that of other sports. The person known as the "manager" in professional leagues is generally called the "head coach" in amateur leagues; this terminology is standard in U.S. college baseball.
American football
In American football, like many other sports, there are many coaches and assistant coaches. American football includes a head coach, associate/assistant head coach, an offensive coordinator, a defensive coordinator, a special teams coordinator, position coaches, among other assistant coaches which can include passing game coordinator, running game coordinator, and advisors. They're support staff such as strength and conditioning coach, quality control, analyst, and recruiting coaches.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
- Head coach (American football)
- Fitness professional
- Manager (association football)
- Coach (baseball)
- Manager (baseball)
- Coach (basketball)
- Manager (Gaelic games)
- Coach (ice hockey)
- Player-coach
- Player-manager
- Coaching staff
- Coaching tree
- Coach of the Year
- Personal trainer
- Sports trainer
- Strength and conditioning coach