Coat of arms of Australia
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The coat of arms of Australia, officially the Commonwealth Coat of Arms,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> is a formal symbol of the Commonwealth of Australia.<ref name="dpmc.gov.au" /> It depicts a shield, containing symbols of Australia's six states, and is held up by native Australian animals, the kangaroo and the emu.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> The seven-pointed Commonwealth Star surmounting the crest also represents the states and territories, while golden wattle, the national floral emblem, appears below the shield.<ref name=":1" />
The first arms were authorised by King Edward VII on 7 May 1908, and the current version by King George V on 19 September 1912, although the 1908 version continued to be used in some contexts, notably appearing on the reverse of the sixpenny coin.
Design
Escutcheon
The escutcheon (central shield) is the focal point of the coat of arms, and contains six quarters, each containing a representation of the badge of an Australian state. The whole shield is surrounded by an ermine border, which both symbolises the "encompassing authority of the Australian crown" and makes the shield a single device, instead of a collection of separate emblems.<ref name=":2" /> Historian Bruce Baskerville suggests the arms reflect the preamble of the Australian Constitution:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Blockquote In the top half, from left to right, the states represented are New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. In the bottom half, from left to right: South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania.
Commonwealth Star
Above the shield is the seven-pointed Commonwealth Star or Star of Federation above a blue and gold wreath, forming the crest. Six of the points on the star represent the original six states, while the seventh point represents the territories.<ref name=":0" />
Supporters
The red kangaroo and emu that support the shield have never been designated as official animal emblems of the nation.<ref name="dfat">Template:Cite web</ref> They owe their unofficial recognition to the fact that they are endemic Australian fauna (found only on that continent), and likely chosen because they are the most well-known native Australian animals large enough to be positioned together in scale holding up the shield. They symbolise progress and the nation moving forward as neither animal can easily walk backwards.<ref name=":0" /> Director of the Parliament House Art Collection, Justine Van Mourik has claimed that the kangaroo is, and must be seen to be, male, and this requirement led to an interpretation by John Coburn of the coat of arms for Parliament House to be rejected.<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref>
Background
In the background is a wreath of golden wattle, the official national floral emblem, though the representation of the species is not botanically accurate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the bottom is a scroll that contains the name of the nation. While almost always depicted, these elements are technically optional artistic flourishes as they are not described in the royal warrant for the arms.<ref name="dfat" />
| State | Badge | Description |
|---|---|---|
| New South Wales | File:State Badge of New South Wales.svg | the cross of St. George with lion and stars |
| Victoria | File:Badge of Victoria (traditional).svg | St Edward's Crown and Southern Cross |
| Queensland | File:State Badge of Queensland.svg | a blue Maltese cross and St Edward's Crown |
| South Australia | File:Badge of South Australia.svg | the Australian piping shrike |
| Western Australia | File:Badge of Western Australia (type 2).svg | a black swan |
| Tasmania | File:Badge of Tasmania.svg | a red lion passant |
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Blazon
The official blazon of the Commonwealth was included in a royal warrant of King George V on 19 September 1912, that officially granted the arms. The blazon is as follows:<ref name=":0" /> Template:QuoteThe following is the blazon for the 1908 coat of arms:<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Template:Blockquote
History
By the 1820s, an unofficial coat of arms consisting of a shield depicting four symbols of commerce (a golden fleece, ship, anchor and wheat), supported by a kangaroo and emu with the motto "Advance Australia" was widely used across the eastern colonies of Australia. It appeared on buildings and personal goods as a branding device for Australia. These later formed the basis of the arms of New South Wales, Melbourne and Adelaide.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>
1908 Arms
Following the federation of Australia, the first official coat of arms of Australia was designed by Wilson Dobbs and granted by King Edward VII on 7 May 1908.<ref>The Armorial Ensigns of the Commonwealth of Australia 1980. Commonwealth of Australia Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
It consisted of a shield in the centre, the seven pointed star on a wreath as the crest above it, and a kangaroo and an emu using its foot to help the kangaroo to support the shield, all on a bed of green grass with a scroll containing the motto "Advance Australia" (the same motto as the unofficial colonial arms). The selection of the kangaroo, the emu and the words, "Advance Australia" were tied together symbolically. The shield had a white background, with a red cross of Saint George, blue lines outside the cross, and a blue border containing six inescutcheons featuring a red chevron on white, representing the six states. These arms were used by the government and appeared on the sixpence coin from 1910 until 1963, and the threepence, shilling and florin from 1910 to 1936.
These arms were controversial even before they were granted. The Scottish Patriotic Association was vocally opposed to the shield's design, noting that the inclusion of the Cross of Saint George should also require the inclusion of the Scottish and Irish crosses to represent the other settlers from the British Isles.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They also objected to the lack of consultation with the heralds of Scotland and Ireland. Supported by the Victorian Scottish Union and the St Andrew Society, there were calls for the arms to be completely redesigned to either include symbols of all the British nationalities or instead use only Australian symbology.
William Gullick, designer of the New South Wales coat of arms, subsequently brought to public attention the existence of the Bowman Flag of 1805, which he suggested was the origin of the unofficial colonial arms. It depicted a rose, shamrock and thistle supported by a kangaroo and emu.<ref>Letter from William Gullick to Atlee Hunt, 10 July 1908</ref> He was then commissioned by the prime minister to redesign the arms.<ref name=":2" />
1912 Arms
The 1908 arms were redesigned in 1911, and officially granted by George V on 19 September 1912. The redesign spurred much debate in Parliament. The member of Parliament for Wentworth, Willie Kelly, said:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:BlockquoteDespite objections, the kangaroo and emu now not having its leg up remained the shield bearers in the new coat of arms and were modified to appear more realistic. To address concerns that Australia's states were not individually represented, each state's heraldic badge was depicted on the shield. Scottish criticism of the old arms was alleviated with the addition of the ermine border, a feature of Scottish heraldry.<ref name=":2" /> The new coat of arms removed the bed of grass beneath the shield and changed the scroll to read simply "Australia". The colours in the wreath were also changed from blue and white to blue and gold. A background of two sprays of golden wattle was added, but it has never been an official part of the armorial bearings,<ref name=dfat/> although later golden wattle was proclaimed Australia's national flower on 19 August 1988.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The use of each state's badge had been a feature of the first Great Seal of Australia, introduced on 21 January 1904, where they surrounded the UK Royal Arms; according to Charles R. Wylie, badges were used because South Australia and Western Australia did not yet have coats of arms.<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite web</ref>
Proposed 1954 redesign
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Darryl Lindsay in 1954 suggested that the arms were "artistically bad", prompting the Menzies government to engage several artists (including Alistair Morrison, Alfred Cook, Cedric Emanuel and Eileen Mayo) to consider a redesign of the arms. While not wishing to change the major elements, the government "was anxious" to add a crown and remove the golden wattle (for ease of reproduction). Bill Taylor MP also suggested that the arms be reissued as a version of the royal arms, like the Canadian royal arms of 1921, to accord with Australia's greater independence following the Statute of Westminster 1931.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1955 a committee recommended a design by Mayo be adopted, which included a crown and an Aboriginal shield, but ultimately no changes were made.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Use
The Commonwealth Coat of Arms is the formal symbol of the Commonwealth of Australia that signifies Commonwealth authority and ownership. The Arms are used by Australian Government departments and agencies, statutory and non-statutory authorities, the Parliament and Commonwealth courts and tribunals. Senators and Federal Members of the Australian Parliament may also use the Arms in the course of their duties as Parliamentarians.<ref name="dpmc.gov.au"/> The coat of arms should never be used where it could wrongly imply a formal guarantee, sponsorship or endorsement by the Commonwealth.<ref>Use of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms General Guidelines Template:Webarchive</ref> Use of the arms by private citizens or organisations is rarely permitted; however, there are provisions for use by sporting bodies and in educational publications. For instance, the arms appear on the uniforms of the Australian Olympic Team and the Matildas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Use of the coat of arms without permission may breach the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, section 145.1 of the Criminal Code Act 1995 or section 39(2) of the Trade Marks Act 1995.<ref name=":0" /><ref>It's an Honour – Commonwealth Coat of Arms Template:Webarchive</ref> The import of goods bearing the arms is also illegal according to the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations.
There is a full colour version and nine heraldically correct official versions exist for single-colour reproduction.
The coat of arms is the basis of Charles III's Personal Australian Flag,<ref name="CharlesPMC">Template:Cite web</ref> and since 1973 a slightly modified version has formed the basis of the Great Seal of Australia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The coat of arms has appeared on Australian coinage since the coins for the Australian pound were minted in the early 20th century. Until 1936, the 1908 coat of arms featured on the reverse of all silver coins in regular circulation(3d, 6d, 1'/, 2'/). After 1936, the current coat of arms was featured on the reverse of the Florin (2'/), while the 1908 arms remained on the sixpence (6d). Since decimalisation in 1966, the current coat of arms has featured on the reverse of both variants of the 50-cent coin.
The coat of arms is used as badge of rank for Warrant Officers Class 1 (Army)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Warrant Officer (Navy<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Air Force<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>). A more stylised version is used as a badge of rank for Warrant Officer of the Navy, Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army and Warrant Officer of the Air Force.
Australians are sometimes erroneously claimed to be the only people who eat the animals on their coat of arms,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the combination of both kangaroo and emu meat in a single dish such as pie<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or pizza<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is known as the Coat of Arms.
State and territory arms
City arms
Arms depicted on coins
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1966 round 50 cent coin
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Post-1936 Australian Florin (2s or 2/-)
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Pre-1936 Australian Florin (2s or 2/-)
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Australian sixpence (6d)
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Pre-1936 coins of the Australian pound
See also
References
External links
- Official website with more information
- National Archives of Australia. Papers relating to the Commonwealth Coat of Arms Template:Webarchive
- Online Exhibition commemorating the Centenary of the NSW Coat of Arms 1906–2006 The designer of the NSW Coat of Arms, William Gullick, was also involved in the creation of the Australian Coat of Arms
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