Confederate Memorial Day

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Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox holiday Confederate Memorial Day (called Confederate Heroes Day in Texas and Florida, and Confederate Decoration Day in Tennessee) is a holiday observed in several Southern U.S. states on various dates since the end of the American Civil War. The holiday was originally publicly presented as a day to remember the estimated 258,000 Confederate soldiers who died during the American Civil War.<ref name=boyer>Template:Cite book</ref>

The holiday originated at a local level by Ladies' Memorial Associations to care for the graves of Confederate dead.<ref>Frank, Lisa Tendrich, The World of the Civil War: A Daily Life Encyclopedia, Volume I, p.517.</ref> In 1866, General John A. Logan commanded the posts of Grand Army of the Republic to strew flowers on the graves of Union soldiers, which observance later became the national Memorial Day. In a speech to veterans in Salem, Illinois, on July 4, 1866, Logan referred to the various dates of observance adopted in the South for the practice, saying "…traitors in the South have their gatherings day after day, to strew garlands of flowers upon the graves of Rebel soldiers..."<ref name=":0" />

The Southern Poverty Law Center has condemned the holiday as part of a campaign of "racial terror" on the part of white supremacists - "an organized propaganda campaign, created to instill fear and ensure the ongoing oppression of formerly enslaved people."<ref name="News4Jax" /> Writers and historians have pointed out that the holiday's official recognition by states often coincided with the height of Jim Crow racism around the United States, decades after the war ended.<ref name="Vox">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Frank">Template:Cite book</ref> Renewed interest also revived the holiday in some places during the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.<ref name="Cox">Template:Cite book</ref>

It is currently an official state holiday in Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas (where state employees are entitled to a paid day off work), while it is commemorated in Kentucky, Florida, North Carolina, and Tennessee.<ref name="SC-2000">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Tennessee">Allison, Natalie (July 12, 2019). "Gov. Bill Lee Signs Nathan Bedford Forrest Day Proclamation, Is Not Considering Law Change." Template:Webarchive The Tennessean (Tennessean.com). Retrieved July 12, 2019.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> It was also formerly recognized in Missouri, Louisiana, and Virginia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Georgia, a state holiday is still observed on the 4th Monday in April however, since 2016, it is referred to simply as a "State Holiday". Several states celebrate the date on or near April 26, when the last major Confederate field army surrendered at Bennett Place, North Carolina in 1865.<ref name="Woolf1976">Template:Cite book</ref>

Origins

Confederate Memorial Day observance in front of the Monument to Confederate Dead, Arlington National Cemetery, on June 8, 2014

In the spring of 1866 the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus, Georgia, passed a resolution to set aside one day annually to memorialize the Confederate war dead. Mary Ann Williams, the association secretary, was directed to pen a letter inviting ladies associations in every former Confederate state to join them in the observance.<ref name="History of Confederate Memorial Day">Template:Cite web</ref> Their invitation was written in March 1866 and sent to all of the principal cities in the former Confederacy, including Atlanta;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Macon;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Montgomery; Memphis; Richmond; St. Louis; Alexandria; Columbia;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and New Orleans, as well as smaller towns like Staunton, Virginia;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Anderson, South Carolina;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Wilmington, North Carolina.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The actual date for the holiday was selected by Elizabeth Rutherford Ellis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She chose April 26, the first anniversary of Confederate General Johnston's surrender to Union Major General Sherman at Bennett Place. For many in the Confederacy, that date in 1865 marked the end of the Civil War.<ref name="History of Confederate Memorial Day"/>

The first official celebration as a public holiday occurred in 1874, following a proclamation by the Georgia legislature.<ref name="GeorgiaInfo">Template:Cite web</ref> By 1916, ten states celebrated it, on June 3, the birthday of CSA President Jefferson Davis.<ref name="GeorgiaInfo"/> Other states chose late April dates, or May 10, commemorating Davis' capture.<ref name="GeorgiaInfo"/>

Historians have pointed out that the holiday's official recognition by states often coincided with the height of Jim Crow racism around the United States.<ref name="Vox" /><ref name="Frank" /> In some places, the holiday attracted revived interest as a reaction to the early civil rights movement in the 1950s.<ref name="Cox" />

Connection to Memorial Day

In their book, The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America, Bellware and Gardiner assert that the national Memorial Day holiday is a direct offshoot of the observance begun by the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus, Georgia in 1866. In a few places, most notably Columbus, Mississippi<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Macon, Georgia,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> both Confederate and Union graves were decorated during the first observance. The day was even referred to as Memorial Day by The Baltimore Sun on May 8, 1866, after the ladies organization that started it. The name Confederate Memorial Day was not used until the Northern observance was initiated in 1868.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

While initially cool to the idea of a Northern version of the holiday, General John A. Logan was eventually won over. His General Order No. 11, issued May 5, 1868, commanded the posts of Grand Army of the Republic to strew flowers on the graves of Union soldiers. The Grand Army of the Republic eventually adopted the name Memorial Day at their national encampment in 1882.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Many theories have been offered as to how Logan became aware of the former Confederate tradition he imitated in 1868. In her autobiography, his wife Mary Logan claims she told him about it after a trip to Virginia in the spring of that year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His secretary and his adjutant also claim they told him about it. John Murray of Waterloo, New York, claims it was he who inspired Logan in 1868. Bellware and Gardiner, however, offer proof that Logan was aware of the Southern tributes long before any of them had a chance to mention it to him.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In a speech to veterans in Salem, Illinois, on July 4, 1866, Logan referred to the various dates of observance adopted in the South for the practice saying "…traitors in the South have their gatherings day after day, to strew garlands of flowers upon the graves of Rebel soldiers..."<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>

Statutory holidays

Confederate Memorial Day is a statutory holiday in Alabama on the fourth Monday in April, in Mississippi on the final Monday in April, and in South Carolina on May 10.<ref name="TaD">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1" /> In all of these states, state offices are closed on this day (in Texas a so-called "skeleton crew" is required however staff are later compensated for their work on the holiday.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In Georgia, the fourth Monday in April was formerly celebrated as Confederate Memorial Day, but beginning in 2016, in response to the Charleston church shooting, the names of Confederate Memorial Day and Robert E. Lee's Birthday were struck from the state calendar and the statutory holidays were designated simply as "state holidays".<ref name="GA-de">Template:Cite news</ref> Florida also continues to officially designate Confederate Memorial Day on the fourth Monday in April, although state offices remain open.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

North Carolina also designates the holiday on May 10, although state offices remain open and localities may choose whether to observe it.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Quartz>Template:Cite news</ref>

In June 2022, the Louisiana State Legislature voted to remove Confederate Memorial Day, as well as Robert E. Lee Day, from the state's calendar of official holidays.<ref name="LA-de">Template:Cite web</ref>

State Recognized Derecognized Type Date
Alabama 1901<ref>Confederate Memorial Day - Encyclopedia of Alabama</ref> - State holiday Last Monday in April
Florida 1895<ref>5 things to know about Florida's Confederate holidays</ref> - Commemoration Fourth Monday in April
Georgia 1874<ref name="GeorgiaInfo" /> 2016<ref name="GA-de" /> 4th Monday in April is now called "State Holiday" Fourth Monday in April
Kentucky ? - Commemoration
Louisiana c. 1925<ref>Louisiana Senate Approves Removing Robert E. Lee Day and Confederate Memorial Day From State’s Legal Holiday Calendar</ref> 2022<ref name="LA-de" /> State holiday April 26
Mississippi ? - State holiday Last Monday in April
Missouri ? ?
North Carolina ? - Commemoration May 10
South Carolina 1896<ref>How South Carolina observes Confederate Memorial Day and how that could change</ref> - State holiday (made non-optional in 2000<ref name="SC-2000" />) May 10
Tennessee 1903<ref name="Tennessee" /> - Annual proclamation required by law June 3
Texas 1973<ref name="ksat" /> - State Holiday (with skeletal crew workers later compensated) January 19
Virginia 1899<ref name="VA-de" /> 2020<ref name="VA-de">Virginia holiday commemorating Confederate generals won't be celebrated in 2021, for the first time in over 100 years</ref>

Tennessee

In Tennessee, the governor is required by law to proclaim Confederate Decoration Day each June 3.<ref name=Tennessee/>

Texas

In Texas, state offices remain open on this day but employees may have an optional, paid day off with state offices working a skeleton crew.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1931, the Texas Legislature made Robert E. Lee's birthday (January 19) a state holiday.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1973, the Texas House had massive turnover, with 71 incoming freshman and 8 new Black representatives, which was the most in the House since the Reconstruction era. One of the new Black legislators, Senfronia Thompson, filed a bill to make January 15 a state holiday for Martin Luther King Jr., as an "honorary" state holiday that would not have any state offices or banks close in observance. The bill did not get a vote,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but they did make other changes to the state holidays: the Texas Legislature removed Jefferson Davis's and Robert E. Lee's birthdays as state holidays, and replaced them with Confederate Heroes Day, to be celebrated on January 19.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1987, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was added as a federal holiday for the third Monday in January, and in that year the Texas Legislature made it an optional state holiday, and in 1991 they made MLK Day an official state holiday. In some years (1987, 1998, 2004, 2009, 2015, 2026) MLK Jr. Day and Confederate Heroes Day fall on the same day.<ref name=ksat>Template:Cite news</ref>

Texas state Representatives and Senators have tried to amend or abolish Confederate Heroes Day from the state calendar:

  • 2015: State Representative Donna Howard filed a bill to rename the holiday Civil War Remembrance Day; it did not get out of the committee for a vote<ref name=Bohra>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 2021: State Representatives Jarvis Johnson and Shawn Thierry filed bills to abolish the holiday, and state Senator Nathan M. Johnson filed a bill to replace the holiday with one in June celebrating suffrage for all Americans; these did not get out of committee.<ref name=Barragan /><ref name=Bohra />
  • 2023: State Representative Jarvis Johnson again filed a bill to remove the holiday and state Senator Nathan Johnson sponsored legislation in the Senate; they did not get out of committee.<ref name=Barragan />

Controversy

The holiday has been condemned by the Southern Poverty Law Center as part of a campaign of "racial terror" on the part of white supremacists, "an organized propaganda campaign, created to instill fear and ensure the ongoing oppression of formerly enslaved people".<ref name=News4Jax>Confederate Memorial Day remains legal holiday in Florida, other southern states</ref> Critics often cite the fact that the Confederacy was formed for the purpose of protecting slavery.<ref name="wftv" /> Some commemorations have been met with groups of protesters.<ref>Civil rights activists protest Confederate Memorial Day at Georgia’s Stone Mountain</ref>

Various proposals have been made in the legislatures of the states still recognizing it to remove it from the list of state holidays or commemorations, or to replace it with Juneteenth.<ref>A day to celebrate? Confederate Memorial Day is still on the books in FL</ref><ref name="wftv">Confederate Memorial Day: What is the controversial holiday recognized in Florida?</ref>

The campaign for de-recognition of the holiday overlaps with that for removal of Confederate monuments and memorials, and is often highlighted after incidents of racial violence, such as the Charleston church shooting, the 2017 Charlottesville car attack,<ref>Why is today Confederate Memorial Day in Kentucky?</ref> and the 2020 murder of George Floyd.

See also

References

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Further reading

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