Coulomb

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use British English Oxford spelling Template:Infobox unit The coulomb (symbol: C) is the unit of electric charge in the International System of Units (SI).<ref name="BIPM9">Template:Citation</ref><ref name= "MEP for amp"> Template:Cite web</ref> It is defined to be equal to the electric charge delivered by a 1 ampere current in 1 second, with the elementary charge e as a defining constant in the SI.<ref name="MEP for amp" /><ref name="BIPM9" />

Definition

The SI defines the coulomb as "the quantity of electricity carried in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere" by fixing the value of the elementary charge, Template:Physical constants.<ref name="ampere">Template:SIbrochure9th</ref> Inverting the relationship, the coulomb can be expressed in terms of the elementary charge: <math display="block"> 1 ~ \mathrm{C} = \frac{e}{1.602\,176\,634 \times 10^{-19}} = \frac{10^{19}}{1.602\,176\,634} ~ e.</math> It is approximately Template:Val and is thus not an integer multiple of the elementary charge.

The coulomb was previously defined in terms of the ampere based on the force between two wires, as Template:Nowrap.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 2019 redefinition of the ampere and other SI base units fixed the numerical value of the elementary charge when expressed in coulombs and therefore fixed the value of the coulomb when expressed as a multiple of the fundamental charge.

SI prefixes

Template:Main Like other SI units, the coulomb can be modified by adding a prefix that multiplies it by a power of 10. Template:SI multiples

Conversions

• The magnitude of the electrical charge of one mole of elementary charges (approximately Template:Physconst, the Avogadro number) is known as a faraday unit of charge (closely related to the Faraday constant). One faraday equals Template:Physconst In terms of the Avogadro constant (N_A), one coulomb is equal to approximately Template:Val × N_A elementary charges.
• Every farad of capacitance can hold one coulomb per volt across the capacitor.
• One ampere hour equals Template:Val, hence Template:Val = Template:Val.
• One statcoulomb (statC), the obsolete CGS electrostatic unit of charge (esu), is approximately Template:Val or about one-third of a nanocoulomb.

In everyday terms

• The charges in static electricity from rubbing materials together are typically a few microcoulombs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The amount of charge that travels through a lightning bolt is typically around 15 C, although for large bolts this can be up to 350 C.<ref>Hasbrouck, Richard. Mitigating Lightning Hazards Template:Webarchive, Science & Technology Review May 1996. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.</ref>
• The amount of charge that travels through a typical alkaline AA battery from being fully charged to discharged is about Template:Val = Template:Val ≈ Template:Val.<ref>Template:Google books, "The capacity range of an AA battery is typically from 1100–2200 mAh."</ref>
• A typical smartphone battery can hold Template:Val ≈ Template:Val.

Name and history

File:Charles de Coulomb.png

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

Template:SI unit lowercase<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

By 1878, the British Association for the Advancement of Science had defined the volt, ohm, and farad, but not the coulomb.<ref>W. Thomson, et al. (1873) "First report of the Committee for the Selection and Nomenclature of Dynamical and Electrical Units," Report of the 43rd Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Bradford, September 1873), pp. 222–225. From p. 223: "The 'ohm', as represented by the original standard coil, is approximately 10⁹ C.G.S. units of resistance; the 'volt' is approximately 10⁸ C.G.S. units of electromotive force; and the 'farad' is approximately 1/10⁹ of the C.G.S. unit of capacity."</ref> In 1881, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), approved the volt as the unit for electromotive force, the ampere as the unit for electric current, and the coulomb as the unit of electric charge.<ref>(Anon.) (September 24, 1881) "The Electrical Congress", The Electrician, 7.</ref> At that time, the volt was defined as the potential difference [i.e., what is nowadays called the "voltage (difference)"] across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. The coulomb (later "absolute coulomb" or "abcoulomb" for disambiguation) was part of the EMU system of units. The "international coulomb" based on laboratory specifications for its measurement was introduced by the IEC in 1908. The entire set of "reproducible units" was abandoned in 1948 and the "international coulomb" became the modern coulomb.<ref>Donald Fenna, A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units, OUP (2002), 51f.</ref>

See also

• Abcoulomb, a cgs unit of charge
• Ampère's circuital law
• Coulomb's law
• Electrostatics
• Elementary charge
• Faraday constant, the number of coulombs per mole of elementary charges