Crater (constellation)
Template:Short description Template:Infobox constellation Crater is a small constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is the Latinization of the Greek krater, a type of cup used to water down wine. One of the 48 constellations listed by the second-century astronomer Ptolemy, it depicts a cup that has been associated with the god Apollo and is perched on the back of Hydra the water snake.
There is no star brighter than third magnitude in the constellation. Its two brightest stars, Delta Crateris of magnitude 3.56 and Alpha Crateris of magnitude 4.07, are ageing orange giant stars that are cooler and larger than the Sun. Beta Crateris is a binary star system composed of a white giant star and a white dwarf. Seven star systems have been found to host planets. A few notable galaxies, including Crater 2 and NGC 3981, and a famous quasar lie within the borders of the constellation.
Mythology
In the Babylonian star catalogues dating from at least 1100 BC, the stars of Crater were possibly incorporated with those of the crow Corvus in the Babylonian Raven (MUL.UGA.MUSHEN). British scientist John H. Rogers observed that the adjoining constellation Hydra signified Ningishzida, the god of the underworld in the Babylonian compendium MUL.APIN. He proposed that Corvus and Crater (along with the water snake Hydra) were death symbols and marked the gate to the underworld.<ref name=rogers1>Template:Cite journal</ref> Corvus and Crater also featured in the iconography of Mithraism, which is thought to have been of middle-eastern origin before spreading into Ancient Greece and Rome.<ref name=RogersII>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Crater is identified with a story from Greek mythology in which a crow or raven serves Apollo, and is sent to fetch water, but it delays its journey as it finds some figs and waits for them to ripen before eating them. Finally, it retrieves the water in a cup and takes back a water snake, blaming it for drinking the water.<ref name=condos97/> According to the myth, Apollo saw through the fraud, and angrily cast the crow, cup, and snake into the sky.<ref name=Ridpath2017>Template:Cite book</ref> The three constellations were arranged in such a way that the crow was prevented from drinking from the cup, and hence seen as a warning against sinning against the gods.<ref name=condos97>Template:Cite book</ref>
Phylarchus wrote of a different origin for Crater. He told how the city of Eleusa near Troy was beset by plague. Its ruler Demophon consulted an oracle which decreed that a maiden should be sacrificed each year. Demophon declared that he would choose a maiden by lottery, but he did not include his own daughters. One nobleman, Mastusius, objected, forcing Demophon to sacrifice his daughter. Later, Mastusius killed Demophon's daughters and tricked the ruler in drinking a cup containing a mixture of their blood and wine. Upon finding out the deed, the king ordered Mastusius and the cup to be thrown into the sea. Crater signifies the cup.<ref name=condos97/>
In other cultures
In Chinese astronomy, the stars of Crater are located within the constellation of the Vermillion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, Nán Fāng Zhū Què).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They depict, along with some stars from Hydra, Yi, the Red Bird's wings. Yi also denotes the 27th lunar mansion. Alternatively, Yi depicts a heroic bowman; his bow composed of other stars in Hydra.<ref name=ridpathCr>Template:Cite web</ref> In the Society Islands, Crater was recognized as a constellation called Moana-'ohu-noa-'ei-ha'a-moe-hara ("vortex-ocean-in-which-to-lose-crime").<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Characteristics
Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area.<ref name=tirionconst>Template:Cite web</ref> It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Crt".<ref name="pa30_469">Template:Cite journal</ref> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between Template:RA and Template:RA, while the declination coordinates are between −6.66° and −25.20°.<ref name="boundary">Template:Cite web</ref> Its position in the southern celestial hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 65°N.<ref name=tirionconst/>Template:Efn
Features
Stars
The German cartographer Johann Bayer used the Greek letters alpha through lambda to label the most prominent stars in the constellation. Bode added more, though only Psi Crateris remains in use. John Flamsteed gave 31 stars in Crater and the segment of Hydra immediately below Crater Flamsteed designations, naming the resulting constellation Hydra et Crater. Most of these stars lie in Hydra.<ref name=wagman>Template:Cite book</ref> The three brightest stars—Delta, Alpha, and Gamma Crateris—form a triangle located near the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra.<ref name=arnold>Template:Cite book</ref> Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.Template:Efn<ref name=tirionconst/>
Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away,<ref name=Gaia-DR2delta>Template:Cite DR2</ref> it is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to Template:Nowrap times the Sun's radius. It is radiating Template:Nowrap as much power as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of Template:Nowrap.<ref name=aaa535_A59>Template:Cite journal</ref> Traditionally called Alkes "the cup",<ref name="K&S">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn and marking the base of the cup is Alpha Crateris,<ref name=condos97/> an orange-hued star of magnitude 4.1,<ref name=ducati>Template:Cite journal</ref> that is 141 ± 2 light-years from the Sun.<ref name=Gaia-DR2alf>Template:Cite DR2</ref> With an estimated mass 1.75 ± 0.24 times that of the Sun, it has exhausted its core hydrogen and expanded to 13.2 ± 0.55 times the Sun's diameter,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> shining with 69 times its luminosity and an effective temperature of around 4600 K.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
With a magnitude of 4.5, Beta Crateris is a binary star system, consisting of a white-hued giant star of spectral type A1III and a white dwarf of spectral type DA1.4,<ref name=Holberg2013>Template:Cite journal</ref> 296 ± 8 light-years from the Sun.<ref name=Gaia-DR2beta>Template:Cite DR2</ref> Much smaller than the primary, the white dwarf cannot be seen as a separate object, even by the Hubble Space Telescope.<ref name=HST>Template:Cite journal</ref> Gamma Crateris is a double star, resolvable in small amateur telescopes.<ref name=Monsk2010>Template:Cite book</ref> The primary is a white main sequence star of spectral type A7V, that is an estimated 1.81 times as massive as the Sun,<ref name=DeRosa2014>Template:Cite journal</ref> while the secondary—of magnitude 9.6—has 75% the Sun's mass,<ref name=DeRosa2014/> and is likely an orange dwarf. The two stars take at least 1150 years to orbit each other.<ref name=kalergamma>Template:Cite web</ref> The system is 85.6 ± 0.8 light-years away from the Sun.<ref name=Gaia-DR2gamma>Template:Cite DR2</ref>
Epsilon and Zeta Crateris mark the Cup's rim.<ref name=condos97/> The largest naked eye star in the constellation,<ref name=bagnall>Template:Cite book</ref> Epsilon Crateris is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K5 III.<ref name=Houk1999>Template:Cite journal</ref> It has about the same mass as the Sun, but has expanded to 44.7 times the Sun's radius.<ref name=Setiawan2004>Template:Cite journal</ref> The star is radiating 391 times the solar luminosity.<ref name=Mcdonald/> It is 366 ± 8 light-years distant from the Sun.<ref name=Gaia-DR2eps>Template:Cite DR2</ref> Zeta Crateris is a binary star system. The primary, component A, is a magnitude 4.95 evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III.<ref name=houk1978>Template:Cite book</ref> It is a red clump star that is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core.<ref name=Alves2000>Template:Cite journal</ref> Zeta Crateris has expanded to 13 times the radius of the Sun,<ref name=CADARS>Template:Cite journal</ref> and shines with 157 times the luminosity of the Sun.<ref name=Mcdonald>Template:Cite journal Online data (HIP number needed)</ref> The secondary, component B, is a magnitude 7.84 star.<ref name=WDSC2014>Template:Cite journal</ref> Zeta Crateris is a confirmed member of the Sirius supercluster<ref name=Eggen1998>Template:Cite journal</ref> and is a candidate member of the Ursa Major Moving Group, a collection of stars that share a similar motion through space and may have at one time been members of the same open cluster.<ref name=King2003/> The system is located 326 ± 9 light-years from the Sun.<ref name=Gaia-DR2zeta>Template:Cite DR2</ref>
Variable stars are popular targets for amateur astronomers. Their observations provide valuable contributions to understanding star behaviour.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Located near Alkes is the red-hued R Crateris,<ref name=arnold/> a semiregular variable star of type SRb and a spectral classification of M7. It ranges from magnitude 9.8 to 11.2 over an optical period of 160 days.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is 770 ± 40 light-years distant from the Sun.<ref name=Gaia-DR2r>Template:Cite DR2</ref> TT Crateris is a cataclysmic variable; a binary system composed of a white dwarf around as massive as the Sun in close orbit with an orange dwarf of spectral type K5V. The two orbit each other every 6 hours 26 minutes. The white dwarf strips matter off its companion, forming an accretion disk which periodically ignites and erupts. The star system has a magnitude of 15.9 when quiescent, brightening to 12.7 in outburst.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> SZ Crateris is a magnitude 8.5 BY Draconis type variable star. It is a nearby star system located about 42.9 ± 1.0 light-years from the Sun,<ref name="vanLeeuwen2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> and is a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group.<ref name=King2003>Template:Cite journal</ref>
HD 98800, also known as TV Crateris, is a quadruple star system around 7–10 million years old, made up of two pairs of stars in close orbit. One pair has a debris disk that contains dust and gas orbiting them both. Spanning the distance between 3 and 5 astronomical units from the stars, it is thought to be a protoplanetary disk.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> DENIS-P J1058.7-1548 is a brown dwarf less than 5.5% as massive as the Sun. With a surface temperature of between 1700 and 2000 K, it is cool enough for clouds to form. Variations in its brightness in visible and infrared spectra suggest it has some form of atmospheric cloud cover.<ref name="paper">Template:Cite journal</ref>
HD 96167 is a star 1.31 ± 0.09 times as massive as the Sun, that has most likely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling into a yellow subgiant with a diameter 1.86 ± 0.07 times that of the Sun, and 3.4 ± 0.2 times its luminosity. Analysis of its radial velocity revealed it has a planet with a minimum mass 68% that of Jupiter, which takes 498.9 ± 1.0 days to complete an orbit. With the orbital separation varying between 0.38 and 2.22 astronomical units, the orbit is highly eccentric.<ref name="Peek2009">Template:Cite journal</ref> The stellar system is 279 ± 1 light-years away from the Sun.<ref name=Gaia-DR2HD96167>Template:Cite DR2</ref> HD 98649 is a yellow main sequence star, classified as a G4V, that has the same mass and diameter as the Sun, but has only 86% of its luminosity. In 2012, a long-period ( 4951Template:± days) planet companion, at least 6.8 times as massive as Jupiter, was discovered by radial velocity method. Its orbit was calculated to be highly eccentric, swinging out to 10.6 astronomical units away from its star, and hence a candidate for direct imaging.<ref name="Marmier2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> BD-10°3166 is a metallic orange main sequence star of spectral type K3.0V, 268 ± 10 light-years distant from the Sun.<ref name=Gaia-DR2bd10>Template:Cite DR2</ref> It was found to have a hot Jupiter-type planet that has a minimum mass of 48% of Jupiter's, and takes only 3.49 days to complete an orbit.<ref name="Butler2000">Template:Cite journal</ref> WASP-34 is a sun-like star of spectral type G5V that has 1.01 ± 0.07 times the mass and 0.93 ± 0.12 times the diameter of the Sun. It has a planet 0.59 ± 0.01 times as massive as Jupiter that takes 4.317 days to complete an orbit.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The system is 432 ± 3 light-years distant from the Sun.<ref name=Gaia-DR2wasp34>Template:Cite DR2</ref>
Deep-sky objects
The Crater 2 dwarf is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way,<ref name=Torrealba>Template:Cite journal</ref> located approximately 380,000 light-years from the Sun.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> NGC 3511 is a spiral galaxy seen nearly edge-on, of magnitude 11.0, located 2° west of Beta Crateris. Located 11' away is NGC 3513, a barred spiral galaxy.<ref name=Bakich2010>Template:Cite book</ref> NGC 3981 is a spiral galaxy with two wide and perturbed spiral arms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is a member of the NGC 4038 Group, which, along with NGC 3672 and NGC 3887, are part of a group of 45 galaxies known as the Crater Cloud within the Virgo Supercluster.<ref name="tully">Template:Cite journal</ref>
RX J1131 is a quasar located 6 billion light-years away from the Sun. The black hole in the center of the quasar was the first black hole whose spin has ever been directly measured.<ref name="Chandra">Template:Cite web</ref> GRB 011211 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on December 11, 2001. The burst lasted 270 seconds, making it the longest burst that had ever been detected by X-ray astronomy satellite BeppoSAX up to that point.<ref name="Reeves">Template:Cite journal</ref> GRB 030323 lasted 26 seconds and was detected on 23 March 2003.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Meteor showers
The Eta Craterids are a faint meteor shower that takes place between 11 and 22 January, peaking around January 16 and 17, near Eta Crateris.<ref name="levy08">Template:Cite book</ref>
See also
Notes
References
External links
- The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Crater
- The clickable Crater
- Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (medieval and early modern images of Crater)
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