Curtain Theatre
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The Curtain Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse located in Hewett Street, Shoreditch (within the modern London Borough of Hackney), just outside the City of London. It opened in 1577, and continued staging plays until 1624.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Curtain was built some Template:Convert south of London's first playhouse, The Theatre, which had opened a year before, in 1576. It was called the "Curtain" because it was located near a plot of land called Curtain Close, which derived its name in turn from its proximity to the walls of Holywell Priory, a curtain wall being a section of wall between two bastions.<ref>Joseph Quincy Adams, Shakespearean Playhouses, Boston, 1917, p. 76.</ref><ref name="historic" /> (The name bears no relationship to the front curtain associated with modern theatres.) The remains of the theatre were rediscovered in archaeological excavations in 2012–16. The most significant revelation was that the Curtain was rectangular, not round. The excavation revealed a Template:Convert stage, and evidence of a tunnel under the stage and galleries at the first floor level. Small finds included a ceramic bird whistle; ceramic money boxes for collecting entry fees; beads probably used for decorating stage costumes; and a small statue of Bacchus.
History
The Curtain Theatre was built in 1577 in Shoreditch, and was London's second playhouse. The name derives from the curtain wall of the adjacent St John the Baptist Holywell monastery.<ref name="historic" /> Little is known of the companies that performed there, or of the plays they performed. The first clear mention of the Curtain is in 1584, when the City of London petitioned the parish of Shoreditch to shut down their playhouses.<ref name="Bowsher"/>Template:Rp The proprietor appears to have been Henry Lanman, described as a "gentleman": in 1585, Lanman made an agreement with the proprietor of the Theatre, James Burbage, to use the Curtain as a supplementary house, or "easer," to the more prestigious older playhouse. From 1597 to 1599, it became the premier venue of Shakespeare's Company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, who had been forced to leave their former playing space at The Theatre after the latter closed in 1596. It was the venue of several of Shakespeare's plays, including Romeo and Juliet (which, according to contemporary playwright John Marston in his satire Scourge of Villainy (1598), received "Curtain plaudities" there<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>), Henry IV Part I and Part II. The Lord Chamberlain's Men also performed Ben Jonson's Every Man in His Humour here in 1598, with Shakespeare in the cast.<ref>E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage volume III, Oxford, 1923, p. 359.</ref> Later that same year Jonson gained a certain notoriety by killing actor Gabriel Spencer in a duel in nearby Hoxton Fields.
The Lord Chamberlain's Men departed the Curtain when the Globe Theatre, which they built to replace the Theatre, was ready for use in 1599.<ref name="Stern">Template:Cite book</ref> For seven years Henry Lanman (owner of the Curtain) had an agreement with James Burbage (owner of the Theatre) that all profit would be shared between them. This deal is how many believe Lanman was able to afford to open the Curtain, the rest is all very unclear. J. Leeds Barroll focuses in Shakespeare studies: An annual gathering of Research, Criticism and Reviews on the fact that Henry Lanman had offered the Curtain as an easer to James Burbage, proprietor of the Theatre. Thereby, he assumes that Lanman's business, the Curtain, must have been doing as well as Burbage's business, the Theatre, since both, Lanman and Burbage, had agreed on a pooling arrangement for seven years in 1585, to pool profits. As far as is known, Lanman ran the Curtain as a private concern for the first phase of its existence; he died in 1606<ref>William Ingram, The Business of Playing: The Beginnings of the Adult Professional Theater in Elizabethan London, Cornell University Press, 1992, p. 222.</ref> and it is assumed by Edmund Chambers that it had been re-arranged into a shareholder's enterprise before his death at some point. Thomas Pope, one of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, owned a share in the Curtain and left it to his heirs in his last will and testament in 1603. King's Men member John Underwood did the same in 1624.<ref name="Bowsher"/>Template:Rp<ref>Chambers, Vol. 2, p. 403.</ref> The fact that both of these shareholders belonged to Shakespeare's company may indicate that the re-organization of the Curtain occurred when the Lord Chamberlain's Men were acting there; otherwise, it would have been very unwise of Burbage to pool profits if he was doing better in the first place. Thus, the suggestion is given that both proprietors were doing equal business. Burbage's father James had shares in the theatre at the time of his death.<ref name="Collier"/>Template:Rp
The London theatres, including the Curtain, were closed for much of the period from September 1592 to April 1594 due to outbreaks of bubonic plague.Template:Sfn In 1597, people wrote to the local magistrates' court demanding that no plays take place at the Curtain or the Theatre that year.<ref name="Collier">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The Curtain was named in John Stow's Survey of London in 1598, but was not listed in the 1603 edition.<ref name="Smith">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1600, the Privy Council tried unsuccessfully to shut down the Curtain theatre,<ref name="Bowsher"/> and in 1603 the Curtain became the playhouse of Queen Anne's Men (formerly known as Worcester's Men, and formerly at the Rose Theatre, where they'd played Heywood's A Woman Kill'd With Kindness in February of that year).<ref name="Bowsher"/>Template:Rp In 1607, The Travels of the Three English Brothers, by Rowley, Day, and Wilkins, was performed at the Curtain.
The Curtain was in use from 1577 until at least 1624, after which its ultimate fate, and date of eventual closure, is not known, as there is no record of it after 1627.
Site and rediscovery
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The Curtain was believed to have been built near The Theatre, but the exact location was for many years unknown.<ref name="SO">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, a commemorative plaque was erected at 18 Hewett Street.<ref name="Bowsher">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2012, archaeologists from MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) announced that they had discovered the remains of the theatre during trial excavations.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref name="guardian20120605">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2013 plans were submitted to develop the site with a 40-storey tower of 400 apartments, plus a Shakespeare museum, 250-seat outdoor auditorium and park, with the archaeological remains visible in a glass enclosure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In May 2016, excavators announced that the theatre was probably an adaptation of an existing structure, in the form of a rectangle measuring 22×25 metres, rather than being round or polygonal.<ref name="historic" /> Walls survived up to Template:Convert high in places; MOLA identified the courtyard, where theatregoers stood, and the inner walls, which held the galleries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The theatre had timber galleries with mid and upper areas for wealthier audience members, and a courtyard made from compacted gravel for those with less to spend.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The galleries were straight.<ref name="historic" />
Also uncovered was a fragmentary ceramic bird whistle, dating from the late 16th century. This raised the question of whether the bird whistle was merely a Tudor toy or a prop for plays that needed sound effects.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2016, a tunnel structure – accessed by doors on either end of the stage – was unearthed, which would have allowed actors to exit from one side and come on again from the other without being seen by the audience.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite news</ref> Fragments of ceramic money boxes were found, which would have been used to collect entry fees from theatregoers, before being taken to an office to be smashed and the money counted: this office was known as the "box office", which is the origin of the term we use today.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Glass beads and pins were unearthed along with drinking vessels and clay pipes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The team also came across a mount and a token,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> as well as personal items, including a bone comb.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In August 2019 the structural remains and below-ground deposits were designated a Scheduled Monument.<ref name=historic>Template:Cite web</ref> The high-rise residential tower block on the site is named "The Stage"; and the two adjacent low-rise office blocks "The Bard" and "The Hewett".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In popular culture
A reconstruction of the Curtain Theatre is used in the 1998 film Shakespeare in Love.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The theatre is the main setting for the jukebox musical & Juliet, which takes place during the first performance of Romeo and Juliet.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See also
Notes
References
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- Schoenbaum, S. (1987) William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life. OUP.
- Shapiro, J. (2005) 1599: A Year in the Life of Shakespeare. Faber and Faber.
- Wood, M. (2003) In Search of Shakespeare. BBC Worldwide.
External links
- Pages with broken file links
- Buildings and structures completed in 1577
- Theatres completed in the 16th century
- 1577 establishments in England
- 1622 disestablishments
- 2011 archaeological discoveries
- Scheduled monuments in London
- Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hackney
- Former theatres in London
- Shoreditch