Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (abbreviated as CTHM; Template:Langx), or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a royal style that has been used officially by the monarchs of Saudi Arabia since 1986. The title has historically been used by many Muslim rulers in the past, including the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, the Ottomans and the Sharifain rulers of Hejaz. The title was sometimes regarded to denote the de facto Caliph of Islam,<ref name="bbc">Template:Cite news</ref> but it mainly refers to the ruler taking the responsibility of guarding and maintaining the two holiest mosques in Islam: Al-Haram Mosque (Template:Langx, 'The Sacred Mosque') in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque (Template:Langx) in Medina,<ref name=bbc /><ref name=emjap>Template:Cite web</ref> both of which are in the Hejazi region<ref name="MWGD2001">Template:Cite book</ref> of Saudi Arabia. The Custodian has been named the most powerful and influential person in Islam and the Sunni branch of Islam by The Muslim 500, as well as the most powerful Muslim and Arab ruler in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

The holy mosques of Masjid al-Haram in Mecca (left) and Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina (right), illustrated in an 18th-century religious manuscript

It is believed that the first person to use the title was Saladin.<ref name="ArabNews">Template:Cite web</ref>

After defeating the Mamluks and gaining control of the Mecca and Medina in 1517, the Ottoman sultan Selim I adopted the title. Rather than style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Template:Langx, Ruler of the Two Sanctuaries), he accepted the title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Template:Langx, Servant of the Two Sanctuaries).<ref name="Emecun, Islamansiklopedisi">Template:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</ref><ref>İlber Ortaylı, "Yavuz Sultan Selim" Template:Webarchive, Milliyet (In Turkish)</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The first King of Saudi Arabia to assume the title was Faisal bin Abdul Aziz (1906–1975). His successor Khalid did not use the title,<ref name="ArabNews"/> but the latter's successor Fahd did, replacing the term "His Majesty" with it.<ref name="GDN2005Fahad">Template:Cite news</ref> The current king, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, took the same title after the death of King Abdullah, his half brother, on 23 January 2015.<ref name=emjap />

List of custodians

Ayyubids

• Saladin (Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, 1137–1193)

Mamluks (1250–1517)

Baḥrī (Turkic) Mamluks (1250–1382)

1. Shajar al-Durr (r. 1250)
2. Izz ad-Din Aybak (r. 1250–1257)
3. Nur ad-Din Ali (r. 1257–1259)
4. Saif ad-Din Qutuz (r. 1259–1260)
5. Baibars (r. 1260–1277)
6. Al-Said Barakah (r. 1277–1279)
7. Solamish (r. 1279)
8. Qalawun (r. 1279–1290)
9. Al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293)
10. An-Nasir Muhammad (1st reign: 1293–1294)
11. Kitbugha (r. 1294–1296)
12. Lajin (r. 1296–1299)
13. An-Nasir Muhammad (2nd reign: 1299–1309)
14. Baybars al-Jashnakir (r. 1309–1310)
15. An-Nasir Muhammad (3rd reign: 1310–1341)
16. Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr (r. 1341)
17. Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk (r. 1341–1342)
18. Al-Nāṣir Aḥmad (r. 1342)
19. Imad ad-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (r. 1342–1345)
20. Sayf ad-Din Sha'ban (r. 1345–1346)
21. Sayf ad-Din Hajji (r. 1346–1347)
22. An-Nasir Hasan (1st reign: 1347–1351)
23. Salah ad-Din Salih (r. 1351–1354)
24. An-Nasir Hasan (2nd reign: 1354–1361)
25. Salah ad-Din Muhammad (r. 1361–1363)
26. Zayn ad-Din Sha'ban (r. 1363–1377)
27. Ala'a ad-Din Ali (r. 1377–1381)
28. Salah ad-Din Hajji (1st reign: 1381–1382)

Burjī (Circassian) Mamluks (1382–1517)

1. Barquq (1st reign: 1382–1389; 2nd reign: 1390–1399)
2. Nasir ad-Din Faraj (r. 1399–1412) (partial interruptions)
3. Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz (r. 1405)
4. Barsbay (r. 1422–1438)
5. Jaqmaq (r. 1438–1453)
6. Sayf ad-Din Inal (r. 1453–1461)
7. Khushqadam (r. 1461–1467)
8. Sayf ad-Din Bilbay (r. 1467)
9. Timurbugha (r. 1467–1468)
10. Qaitbay (r. 1468–1496)
11. Muhammad (r. 1496–1498; again 1498–1500)
12. Qansuh al-Ghawri (r. 1501–1516)
13. Tuman Bay II (r. 1516–1517)

Ottomans (1517–1924)

The Ottoman rulers from the conquest of the Mamluk Egypt in 1517, who claimed the caliphate until its abolition of in 1924 held the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques":

1. Selim I (r. 1517–1520)
2. Suleiman I (r. 1520–1566)
3. Selim II (r. 1566–1574)
4. Murad III (r. 1574–1595)
5. Mehmed III (r. 1595–1603)
6. Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617)
7. Mustafa I (r. 1617–1618)
8. Osman II (r. 1618–1622)
9. Mustafa I (r. 1622–1623)
10. Murad IV (r. 1623–1640)
11. Ibrahim (r. 1640–1648)
12. Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687)
13. Suleiman II (r. 1687–1691)
14. Ahmed II (r. 1691–1695)
15. Mustafa II (r. 1695–1703)
16. Ahmed III (r. 1703–1730)
17. Mahmud I (r. 1730–1754)
18. Osman III (r. 1754–1757)
19. Mustafa III (r. 1757–1774)
20. Abdul Hamid I (r. 1774–1789)
21. Selim III (r. 1789–1807)
22. Mustafa IV (r. 1807–1808)
23. Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839)
24. Abdülmecid I (r. 1839–1861)
25. Abdulaziz (r. 1861–1876)
26. Murad V (r. 1876)
27. Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876–1909)
28. Mehmed V (r. 1909–1918)
29. Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922)
30. Abdülmecid II (caliph: 1922–1924) – last Ottoman caliph, titular custodian until the caliphate’s abolition

Saudis (1986–present)

In 1986, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia replaced “His Majesty” with the title “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.” All subsequent Saudi kings have continued to use it:

1. King Fahd Abdulaziz Al Saud (r. 1982–2005) – adopted the formal title in 1986
2. King Abdullah Abdulaziz Al Saud (r. 2005–2015)
3. King Salman Abdulaziz Al Saud (r. 2015–present)