Cynthia Ann Parker

Template:Short description Template:Unbalanced Template:Infobox person Cynthia Ann Parker, Naduah, Narua, or Preloch<ref name="PG">Template:Cite book</ref> (Template:Langx, Template:IPA, Template:Lit;<ref>Taa Nʉmʉ Tekwapʉ?ha Tʉboopʉ (Our Comanche Dictionary). 2010 revision. Elgin, Oklahoma: Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee. It is an anglicized form of the Comanche construction na-ura, literally 'was found'.</ref> October 28, 1827<ref group="nb" name="birth"/> – March 1871),<ref name=bio1/> was a woman who had been kidnapped around age nine by a Comanche band during the Fort Parker massacre in 1836, where several of her relatives were killed. She was taken with several of her family members, including her younger brother John Richard Parker. Parker was taken into the tribe, eventually having three children with a chief. Twenty-four years later she was relocated and taken captive by Texas Rangers, aged approximately 33, and unwillingly forced to separate from her sons and conform to European-American society. Her Comanche name means "was found" or "someone found."

Thoroughly assimilated as Comanche, Parker had married Peta Nocona, a chief. They had three children together, including son Quanah Parker, who became the last free Comanche chief.<ref name=bio1/>

Parker was captured by the Texas Rangers on December 19, 1860, during the Battle of Pease River (also known as the "Pease River Massacre"). During this raid, the Rangers killed an estimated six to twelve people, mostly women and children. Afterwards, Parker was taken back to her extended biological family against her will. For the remaining 10 years of her life, she mourned for her Comanche family, and refused to adjust to white society. She escaped at least once but was recaptured and brought back. Unable to grasp how thoroughly she identified with the Comanche, the European-American settlers believed that she had been saved or redeemed by being returned to their society.

Heartbroken over her daughter's death from influenza and pneumonia, Parker died within seven years in 1871. Although initially buried in Anderson County, Texas, her remains were moved twice and are now in Fort Sill Cemetery in Oklahoma.

Early life

Cynthia Ann Parker was born to Silas Mercer Parker and Lucinda Parker (née Duty) in Crawford County, Illinois. Her birth date is uncertain; according to the 1870 census of Anderson County, Texas, she was born in 1824 or 1825.<ref name=bio1/> When she was nine or 10 years old, her grandfather, John Parker, was recruited to settle his family in north-central Texas; he was to establish a settlement fortified against Comanche raids, which had been devastating to the Euro-American colonization of Texas and northern Mexico. The Parker family, its extended kin, and surrounding families established fortified blockhouses and a central citadel—later named Fort Parker—on the headwaters of the Navasota River in what is now Limestone County.

Fort Parker massacre

Template:Main John Parker, the patriarch of the family, had been a noted ranger, scout, Native American fighter, and soldier for the United States. Historians conjecture that when he negotiated treaties with the local non-Comanche natives, he believed those treaties would bind all Native Americans. If so, his experience did not give him an understanding of the independent nature of Indian tribes and bands.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On May 19, 1836, a force of from 100 to 600 Native American warriors, composed of Comanche and Kiowa and Kichai allies, attacked the community. John Parker and his men did not comprehend the military prowess of the Comanche, and were unprepared for the ferocity and speed of the Indian warriors. They fought a rearguard action to protect some of the escaping women and children, but soon the settlers retreated into the fort. The Native Americans attacked the fort and quickly overpowered the outnumbered defenders. The Comanche took Cynthia Ann Parker, a young girl, and five other captives with them back to Comanche territory and killed many others. The Texans quickly mounted a rescue force. During the Texans' pursuit of the Native Americans, a teenage girl escaped. Over a period of years, the Comanche released other captives as their families paid ransoms but Parker was adopted by a Comanche family and became thoroughly assimilated. She is estimated to have been (8-) 11 or 12 years old when taken.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Marriage to Peta Nocona

Template:Main Parker became assimilated into the tribe. She was adopted by a Tenowish Comanche couple, who raised her as their own daughter. She became Comanche in every sense. She married Peta Nocona, a chief. They enjoyed a happy marriage. They had three children: sons Quanah, who became the last free Comanche chief,<ref>Template:Handbook of Texas</ref> and Pecos (Pecan), and a daughter Topsannah (Prairie Flower).<ref name="PG"/>

Return to Texas

File:Battle of Pease River.jpg

Texas historical marker for Parker in Crowell, Texas

In December 1860, after years of searching at the behest of Parker's father and various scouts, a band of Texas Rangers led by Lawrence Sullivan Ross discovered a band of Comanche, deep in the heart of Comancheria, that was rumored to hold American captives. In a surprise raid, the Rangers attacked a group of Comanche in the Battle of Pease River.

After limited fighting, the Comanche attempted to flee. Ranger Ross and several of his men pursued the man who had appeared as the leader, and who was fleeing alongside a woman rider. As Ross and his men neared, she held a child over her head.Template:Sfn She then shouted "Americano! Americano!" or opened her robe to expose her breasts, according to different accounts.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> The men did not shoot, but instead surrounded and stopped her.Template:Sfn Ross ordered Lieutenant Tom Keliheir to stay with the woman and her child.<ref name=":0" /> Ross continued to follow the chief, eventually shooting him three times. Although he fell off his horse, he was still alive and refused to surrender. Ross's cook, Antonio Martinez, identified the man as Nocona and killed him.Template:Sfn

The woman was covered in grease from handling buffalo meat. She was noticed to have light hair and blue eyes.<ref name=":0" /> The Rangers began questioning the woman and other surviving Comanche. In broken English, she identified herself and her family name. Her information matched what Ross knew of captives taken in the 1836 Fort Parker Massacre.Template:Sfn Parker wept over the body of Nocona, but the soldiers did not permit her to stay with the body. She was brought to the battlefield, and she wailed loudly over the body of one warrior, stating "He's my boy, and he's not my boy." The warrior was the son of another white captive who had married a Comanche, but had since died. She had asked Parker to care for her son as if he were her own.<ref name=":0" />

File:Cynthia Ann Parker (4819386194).jpg

tintype of Cynthia Ann Parker, 1861

Ross sent Parker and her daughter to Camp Cooper, and notified her uncle, Colonel Isaac Parker that she had been returned.<ref>Template:Handbook of Texas</ref><ref>Template:Handbook of Texas</ref> He took her to his home near Birdville.

Parker's return to her birth family captured the country's imagination. In 1861, the Texas legislature granted her a square league of land (about 4,400 acres or Template:Convert) and an annual pension of $100 (~$Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year) for the next five years.<ref name=michno>Template:Citation</ref> They appointed her cousins, Isaac Duke Parker and Benjamin F. Parker, as her legal guardians.<ref>Template:Handbook of Texas</ref>

However, Parker never adjusted to her new surroundings. Although white and physically part of the community, she was uncomfortable with the attention she received. Her brother, Silas Jr., was appointed her guardian in 1862, and took her to his home in Van Zandt County. When he entered the Confederate Army, she went to live with her sister, Orlena Parker O'Quinn.<ref>"United States Census, 1870", database with images, FamilySearch. Retrieved 2 June 2016), Cynthia Parker in household of Jas R Ophimo, Texas, United States; citing p. 212, family 1521, NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 553,072.</ref> Some said that she missed her sons and worried about them.<ref name=michno/>Template:Sfn

File:Chief Quanah Parker of the Kwahadi Comanche.jpg

Chief Quanah Parker clasping a peyote feather fan

Death

File:Cynthia Ann Parker Gravestone.jpg

Cynthia's grave

In 1864, Parker's daughter, Topsannah, caught influenza and died of pneumonia. Parker was stricken with grief, added to her missing her sons and Comanche way of life. She began refusing food and water. She died in March 1871 at the O'Quinn home and was buried in Foster Cemetery on County Road 478 in Anderson County near Poynor.Template:Sfn<ref group="nb">Foster Cemetery, Anderson County, Texas; First Gravesite of Cynthia Ann Parker: approximately 6 miles north of Brushy Creek off FM 315 on Millnar Road in Foster Cemetery: Texas marker #8793 Template:Coord</ref>

There is some confusion about Parker's birth and death dates. Different sources place her birth from 1825 to 1827 in Coles, Clark, or Crawford counties of Illinois, and her death from 1864 to 1871 in Anderson County.Template:Sfn The only record of her death, given as March 1871, is found in the unpublished notebook of Susan Parker St. John.Template:Sfn The only known document from the period supports the March 1871 date; an 1870 census for Anderson County lists her as a member of the O'Quinn household, born about 1825, and age forty-five.Template:Sfn Her tombstone marks her year of death as 1870.

In 1910, Parker's son, Quanah, moved her remains and had them reinterred in Post Oak Mission Cemetery near Cache, Oklahoma.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Post Oak Mission Cemetery, Comanche County, Oklahoma Template:Coord</ref> When he died in February 1911, he was buried next to her.

Their bodies were moved in 1957 to the Fort Sill Post Cemetery at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.<ref name=michno /><ref>Fort Sill Post Cemetery Template:Coord</ref> In 1965 the state of Texas had Topsannah's body moved from her grave in Edom, Van Zandt County, Texas, to be reinterred near her mother and brother.<ref>Template:Cite news </ref>

Legacy

The city of Crowell, Texas, has held a Cynthia Ann Parker Festival to honor her memory. The town of Groesbeck holds an annual Christmas Festival at the site of old Fort Parker every December. It has been rebuilt on the original site to historic specifications.

Film portrayal

Author and screenwriter Michael Blake said that the character of Stands with a Fist in the 1990 film Dances With Wolves, was actually based upon Parker.<ref name=WMIp145>Aleiss, Making the White Man's Indian: Native Americans and Hollywood Movies, p. 145.</ref>

Representation in other media

Cynthia Parker (Template:Circa) is a one-act opera composed by Julia Smith.
The movie The Searchers (1956) was based on Le May's novel of the same name. It was directed by John Ford and starred John Wayne as a frontiersman searching for years for his kidnapped niece.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn
In The Hanging Tree (1957), a collection of short stories by Western writer Dorothy M. Johnson, the story "Lost Sister" is a fictional account of Parker's forced return to and difficulties in European-American society.
The graphic novel Comanche Moon (1979) by Jaxon depicts Parker's story from her adoption by the Comanche through the life of her son Quanah.
Ride the Wind (1982) by Lucia St. Clair Robson is an historical novel of Parker's capture and life among the Comanche.

Notes

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References