Dactylorhiza

Dactylorhiza is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Its species are commonly called marsh orchids or spotted orchids.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dactylorhiza were previously classified under Orchis, which has two round tubers.<ref name=Foley>Template:Cite book</ref>

Description

They are hardy tuberous geophytes. In a thickened underground stem, they can store a large amount of water to survive arid conditions. The tuber is flattened and finger-like. The long leaves are lanceolate and, in most species, also speckled. They grow along a rather long stem which reaches a height of Template:Convert. Leaves higher on the stem are shorter than leaves lower on the stem. The inflorescence, compared to the length of the plant, is rather short. It consists of a compact raceme with 25-50 flowers. These develop from axillary buds. The dominant colors are white and all shades of pink to red, sprinkled with darker speckles.

Taxonomy

Etymology

The name Dactylorhiza is derived from Greek words δάκτυλος daktylos 'finger' and ῥίζα rhiza 'root', referring to the palmately two- to five-lobed tubers of this genus.

Species

Dactylorhiza cordigera ssp. pindica

Dactylorhiza incarnata nothosubsp. versicolor

Dactylorhiza russowii

Elder-flowered orchid
(Dactylorhiza sambucina)

Many species in this genus hybridise so readily that species boundaries themselves are vague (but see<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>), with regular name changes and no clear answers. A few species colonise very well onto fresh industrial wastes such as pulverised fuel ash, where vast hybrid swarms can appear for a decade or more, before ecological succession replaces them.

34 species are accepted.<ref name=powo>Template:Cite web</ref>

• Dactylorhiza aristata Template:Small – keyflower, eastern China to southern Alaska
• Dactylorhiza armeniaca Template:Small – Turkey and western Transcaucasia
• Dactylorhiza bucovina Template:Small – Romania
• Dactylorhiza cantabrica Template:Small – northwestern Spain
• Dactylorhiza cyrnea Template:Small – Corsica
• Dactylorhiza czerniakowskae Template:Small – Central Asia
• Dactylorhiza elata Template:Small – stately Dactylorhiza, western Europe to northwestern Africa
• Dactylorhiza elcitoi Template:Small – eastern Italy
• Dactylorhiza euxina Template:Small – north-central and northeastern Turkey and the Caucasus
• Dactylorhiza foliosa Template:Small – richly leaved Dactylorhiza, Madeira
• Dactylorhiza francis-drucei Template:Small – Great Britain and Ireland
  • Dactylorhiza francis-drucei var. ebudensis Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza francis-drucei subsp. francis-drucei
  • Dactylorhiza francis-drucei subsp. traunsteinerioides Template:Small
• Dactylorhiza gervasiana Template:Small – Southern Italy, Corsica, Sicily, and Algeria
• Dactylorhiza graggeriana Template:Small – western Himalayas
• Dactylorhiza hatagirea Template:Small – Pakistan, Himalayas, Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongolia and northern and central China
• Dactylorhiza iberica Template:Small – Greece, Turkey, Levant, Caucasus, and Iran
• Dactylorhiza incarnata Template:Small – early marsh orchid, Europe to western and central Asia, Siberia, and Mongolia
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cilicica Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. coccinea Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cruenta Template:Small – (Europe to Turkey)
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. gemmana Template:Small – (W. Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata – (Europe to Mongolia).
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata nothosubsp. krylovii Template:Small – (W. Europe to Siberia).
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. ochroleuca Template:Small – (Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. pulchella Template:Small – (Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza incarnata nothosubsp. versicolor Template:Small – (Europe)
• Dactylorhiza insularis Template:Small – island Dactylorhiza, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Morocco
• Dactylorhiza isculana Template:Small – Austria
• Dactylorhiza kafiriana Template:Small – northeastern Afghanistan to western Himalayas
• Dactylorhiza kulikalonica Template:Small – Central Asia
• Dactylorhiza maculata Template:Small – heath spotted orchid or moorland spotted orchid, northwestern Africa, Europe, Turkey, Siberia, Mongolia, and Xinjiang
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii Template:Small (synonym Dactylorhiza fuchsii Template:Small) – common spotted orchid, Fuch's dactylorhiza (Europe to Siberia)
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maculata – (Europe to Siberia)
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maurusia Template:Small – (Morocco)
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. saccifera Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. sooana Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza maculata nothosubsp. transiens Template:Small
• Dactylorhiza magna Template:Small – Central Asia
• Dactylorhiza majalis Template:Small – broad-leaved marsh orchid western marsh orchid, fan orchid, or common marsh orchid, Europe
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. baltica Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. calcifugiens Template:Small – (Denmark)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. cordigera Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. elatior Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza majalis nothosubsp. godferyana Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. kalopissii Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. lapponica Template:Small (synonyms Dactylorhiza lapponica Template:Small and Dactylorhiza traunsteineri Template:Small) – (Europe to western Siberia)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. macedonica Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. majalis – (Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. nieschalkiorum Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. occidentalis Template:Small (synonym Dactylorhiza kerryensis Template:Small) – Irish marsh orchid (W. & SW. Ireland, N. Great Britain)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. pindica Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. praetermissa Template:Small (synonym Dactylorhiza praetermissa Template:Small) – leopard marsh orchid, southern marsh orchid (W. & NW. Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. pythagorae Template:Small – (Samos)
  • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola Template:Small
• Dactylorhiza phoenissa Template:Small – Lebanon
• Dactylorhiza purpurella Template:Small – northern marsh orchid, Great Britain and Ireland
  • Dactylorhiza purpurella var. cambrensis Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza purpurella var. purpurella
• Dactylorhiza romana Template:Small – Roman Dactylorhiza, Mediterranean, Caucasus, and western Asia
  • Dactylorhiza romana subsp. georgica Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza romana subsp. guimaraesii Template:Small
  • Dactylorhiza romana subsp. romana – Markus' Dactylorhiza (N. Portugal to W. Spain and Italy).
• Dactylorhiza russowii Template:Small – Germany to Finland and eastern European Russia to central Siberia
• Dactylorhiza sajanensis Template:Small – central Siberia
• Dactylorhiza salina Template:Small – Caucasus to Central Asia and Amur
• Dactylorhiza sambucina Template:Small – elder-flowered orchid, Europe (Photos)
• Dactylorhiza sibirica Template:Small – central Siberia
• Dactylorhiza stortonii Template:Small – eastern Italy
• Dactylorhiza urvilleana Template:Small – northern and northeastern Turkey, Caucasus, and Iran
• Dactylorhiza viridis Template:Small – Frog orchid, subarctic and subalpine Northern Hemisphere
  • Dactylorhiza viridis var. virescens Template:Small – (Temp. Asia, N. America)
  • Dactylorhiza viridis var. viridis – (subarctic and subalpine Northern Hemisphere)

Hybrids

Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana

Dactylorhiza × braunii

Plants of the World Online accepts the following inter-specific hybrids.<ref name = powo/>

Note : nothosubspecies = a hybrid subspecies; nothovarietas = a hybrid variety.

• Dactylorhiza × abantiana Template:Small (D. iberica × D. majalis subsp. nieschalkiorum) – Turkey
• Dactylorhiza × altobracensis Template:Small (D. maculata × D. sambucina) – Austria, France, and Italy
• Dactylorhiza × alutiiqorum Template:Small (D. aristata × D. viridis) – Aleutian Islands
• Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana Template:Small (D. incarnata × D. majalis) – W. & C. Europe)
  • Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothosubsp. aschersoniana (D. incarnata subsp. incarnata × D. majalis subsp. majalis) – W. & C. Europe
  • Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothosubsp. ishorica Template:Small (D. incarnata × D. majalis subsp. baltica) – northwestern European Russia
  • Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothovar. mulignensis Template:Small (D. incarnata subsp. pulchella × D. majalis subsp. majalis) – Germany and Switzerland
  • Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothosubsp. predaensis Template:Small (D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. majalis subsp. majalis) – Austria and Switzerland
  • Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothosubsp. templinensis Template:Small (D. incarnata subsp. ochroleuca × D. majalis) – Germany
• Dactylorhiza × baicalica Template:Small (D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. salina) – Buryatia
• Dactylorhiza × balabaniana Template:Small (D. iberica × D. urvilleana) – Lebanon and Turkey
• Dactylorhiza × bayburtiana Template:Small (D. euxina × D. umbrosa) – Turkey
• Dactylorhiza × beckeriana Template:Small (D. incarnata × D. maculata × D. majalis) – Germany
• Dactylorhiza × boluiana Template:Small (D. nieschalkiorum × D. saccifera) – Turkey
• Dactylorhiza × braunii Template:Small (D. maculata × D. majalis) – Spain to central Europe and Ukraine
  • Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. braunii (D. maculata subsp. fuchsii × D. majalis subsp. majalis) – Spain to central Europe and Ukraine
  • Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. lilacina Template:Small (D. maculata subsp. fuchsii × D. majalis subsp. turfosa) – Czechoslovakia
• Dactylorhiza × conigera Template:Small (D. maculata × D. viridis) – France, Great Britain, and Iceland
• Dactylorhiza × daunia Template:Small (D. maculata subsp. saccifera × D. majalis subsp. pindica) – Greece and Italy
• Dactylorhiza × delamainii Template:Small (D. elata × D. maculata) – France
• Dactylorhiza × drucei Template:Small (D. majalis × D. viridis) – Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Great Britain, and Iceland
• Dactylorhiza × dubreuilhii Template:Small (D. elata × D. incarnata) – France and Spain
• Dactylorhiza × dufftiana Template:Small (D. majalis subsp. majalis × D. majalis subsp. lapponica) – France to middle Europe and the Baltic states
• Dactylorhiza × erdingeri Template:Small (D. sambucina × D. viridis) – Austria, Czechoslovakia, and France
• Dactylorhiza × flixensis Template:Small (D. incarnata subsp. pulchella × D. majalis subsp. lapponica) – Switzerland
• Dactylorhiza × fourkensis Template:Small (D. majalis subsp. pindica × D. sambucina) – Greece
• Dactylorhiza × gabretana Template:Small (D. incarnata × D. maculata × D. sambucina) – Germany
• Dactylorhiza × grandis Template:Small (D. maculata × D. majalis) – Benelux, France, Great Britain, and Sweden
• Dactylorhiza × guilhotii Template:Small (D. incarnata × D. viridis) – France and Great Britain
• Dactylorhiza × guillaumeae Template:Small (D. incarnata × D. sambucina) – France and Italy
• Dactylorhiza × gustavssonii (D. iberica × D. maculata subsp. saccifera) – Greece and Turkey
• Dactylorhiza × hallii Template:Small – Belgium, France, Great Britain, Netherlands (Unplaced)
• Dactylorhiza × influenza Template:Small (D. maculata subsp. fuchsii × D. sambucina) Austria, Italy
• Dactylorhiza × katarana Template:Small (D. maculata subsp. saccifera × D. majalis subsp. kalopissii) – Greece
• Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum Template:Small (D. fuchsii × D. incarnata) – western and central Europe and East European Russia
  • Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. ampolai Template:Small (D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. maculata subsp. fuchsii) – Austria, France, Ireland, Italy, and Switzerland
  • Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. kerneriorum (D. incarnata subsp. incarnata × D. maculata subsp. fuchsii) – Spain to Poland, Romania, and eastern European Russia
  • Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. lillsundica (D. incarnata subsp. ochroleuca × D. maculata subsp. fuchsii) – Austria, France, and Sweden
• Dactylorhiza × latirella Template:Small (D. incarnata × D. purpurella) – Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland
• Dactylorhiza × lehmannii Template:Small (D. incarnata × D. russowii) – Germany
• Dactylorhiza × megapolitana Template:Small (D. maculata subsp. fuchsii × D. russowii) – Germany
• Dactylorhiza × metsowonensis Template:Small (D. majalis subsp. kalopissii × D. sambucina – Greece
• Dactylorhiza × mixta Template:Small (D. maculata subsp. fuchsii × D. viridis) – Austria, Italy, France, Great Britain, Ireland, and Norway
• Dactylorhiza × ornonensis Template:Small (D. elata × D. incarnata × D. maculata) – France
• Dactylorhiza × perez-chiscanoi Template:Small (D. elata × D. majalis subsp. lapponica) – Spain
• Dactylorhiza × rizeana Template:Small (D. euxina × D. urvilleana) – Turkey
• Dactylorhiza × rombucina (D. romana × D. sambucina) – Italy
• Dactylorhiza × ruppertii Template:Small (D. majalis × D. sambucina) – Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, and Switzerland
• Dactylorhiza × salteri Template:Small (D. majalis subsp. praetermissa × D. purpurella) – Great Britain
• Dactylorhiza × senayi (Template:Small (D. maculata × D. majalis) – Spain to Czechoslovakia and Sweden
• Dactylorhiza × serbica Template:Small (D. incarnata × D. majalis subsp. saccifera) – Italy and Yugoslavia
• Dactylorhiza × sivasiana Template:Small (D. incarnata subsp. cilicica × D. urvilleana) – Turkey
• Dactylorhiza × szaboiana Template:Small (D. maculata subsp. maculata × D. majalis subsp. cordigera) – Romania
• Dactylorhiza × vallis-peenae Template:Small (D. majalis × D. russowii) – Germany
• Dactylorhiza × venusta Template:Small (D. maculata subsp. fuchsii × D. purpurella) – Great Britain and Ireland
• Dactylorhiza × viridella Template:Small (D. purpurella × D. viridis) – Great Britain and Ireland
• Dactylorhiza × vitosana Template:Small (D. maculata subsp. saccifera × D. sambucina) – Bulgaria
• Dactylorhiza × vogtiana Template:Small (D. iberica × D. incarnata) – Turkey

Distribution and habitat

These terrestrial orchids grow in basic soils in wet meadows, bogs, heathland and in areas sparsely populated by trees. They are distributed throughout the subarctic and temperate northern hemisphere. It is found across much of Europe, North Africa and Asia from Portugal and Iceland to Taiwan and Kamchatka, including Russia, Japan, China, Central Asia, the Middle East, Ukraine, Scandinavia, Germany, Poland, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, etc. Inclusion of the widespread frog orchid, often called Coeloglossum viride, into Dactylorhiza as per some recent classifications,<ref>Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Coeloglossum viride </ref><ref>Bateman, R.M. (2009). Evolutionary classification of European orchids: the crucial importance of maximising explicit evidence and minimising authoritarian speculation. Journal Europäischer Orchideen 41: 243-318. [as Dactylorhiza viridis]</ref> expands the genus distribution to include Canada and much of the United States.<ref name="q">Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Dactylorhiza</ref>

Bibliography

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External links

• Template:Commons-inline
• Template:Wikispecies-inline
• Flora of North America Genus page
• Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) in European Russia: combined molecular and morphological analysis Template:Webarchive
• Dactylorhiza picture database
• Mayank Thakur and V. K. Dixit, Aphrodisiac Activity of Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo in Male Albino Rats, Oxford Journals, Medicine, Evidence-based Compl. and Alt. Medicine, Volume 4, Supplement 1, p. 29-31