Danish krone

The krone (Template:IPA; plural: kroner; sign: kr.; code: DKK) is the official currency of Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, introduced on 1 January 1875.<ref name="history">Template:Cite web</ref> Both the ISO code "DKK" and currency sign "kr." are in common use; the former precedes the value, the latter in some contexts follows it. The currency is sometimes referred to as the Danish crown in English, since krone literally means crown. Krone coins have been minted in Denmark since the 17th century.

One krone is subdivided into 100 øre (Template:IPA; singular and plural), the name øre is probably derived from the Latin word for gold.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Altogether there are ten denominations of the krone, with the smallest being the 50 øre coin (one half of a krone). Formerly there were more øre coins, but those were discontinued due to inflation.

The krone is pegged to the euro via the ERM II, the European Union's exchange rate mechanism. Adoption of the euro is favoured by some of the major political parties; however, a 2000 referendum on joining the Eurozone was defeated with 53.2% voting to maintain the krone and 46.8% voting to join the Eurozone.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

A Danish silver two-rigsdaler piece from 1868, with a portrait of Christian IX

Two golden 20-kroner coins from the Scandinavian Monetary Union, with identical weight and composition. The coin to the left is Swedish and the right one is Danish.

The oldest known Danish coin is a penny (Template:Lang) struck AD 825–840,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> but the earliest systematic minting produced the so-called Template:Lang (Template:Literally) minted by Harald Bluetooth in the late 10th century.<ref>Brita Malmer, Nordiska mynt före år 1000 (1966). Jens Christian Moesgaard, Hvorfor er der så få enkeltfund af Harald Blåtands mønter? (2009).</ref> Organised minting in Denmark was introduced on a larger scale by Canute the Great in the 1020s. Lund (now in Sweden) was the principal minting place and one of Denmark's most important cities in the Middle Ages, but coins were also minted in Roskilde, Slagelse, Odense, Aalborg, Århus, Viborg, Ribe, Ørbæk and Hedeby. For almost 1,000 years, Danish kings – with a few exceptions – have issued coins with their name, monogram and/or portrait.<ref name="history" />

Danish coinage was generally based on the Carolingian silver standard, with 12 penning to a skilling and 20 skilling to a pound; later on, 16 skilling to a mark. The metal content of minted coins was subject to debasement over the centuries, an easy way to generate income for the monarch and/or the state. Taxes were sometimes imposed via the coinage, such as by the compulsory substitution of coins handed in by new coins handed out with a lower silver content.<ref name="history" /> As a result of the debasement, the public started to lose trust in the respective coins. Danish currency was overhauled several times in attempts to restore public trust in the coins, and later issued in paper money.<ref name="history" />

Several different currency systems have been used by Denmark from the 16th to 19th centuries. The krone (lit. "crown") has existed as early as 1513 as a unit of account worth 8 marks. In more general use until 1813, however, was a krone or schlecht daler worth Template:Frac rigsdaler, 4 marks, or 64 skilling.<ref>In 1513: 1 gulden = 3 krone = 24 marks... though here were several monetary systems... In general the ducat was divisible into 2 rigsdaler, 3 krone, 12 mark, 192 Skilling Danske... until https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103102/http://www.globalfinancialdata.com/index.php3?action=showghoc&country_name=Denmark</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The modern-day krone was introduced as the currency of Denmark in January 1875. It replaced the rigsdaler at a rate of 2 kroner = 1 rigsdaler. This placed the krone on the gold standard at a rate of 2,480 kroner = 1 kilogram fine gold. The latter part of the 18th century and much of the 19th century saw expanding economic activity and thus also a need for means of payment that were easier to handle than coins. Consequently, banknotes were increasingly used instead of coins.<ref name="history" />

The Danish krone was minted by the Royal Mint of Denmark and banknotes were printed by the Danish National Bank until 1975, when the mint was made a subsidiary of the National Bank. In 2014, it was decided to stop minting and printing of the krone in Denmark, but the work would be outsourced, and on 20 December 2016, the last notes were printed by the National Bank.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Status

Relationship to the euro

Template:Main Denmark has not introduced the euro, following a rejection by referendum in 2000, but the Danish krone is pegged closely to the euro (with the rate 7.46038±2.25%) in ERM II, the EU's exchange rate mechanism. Denmark borders one eurozone member, Germany, and one other EU member, Sweden, which is committed by treaty to join the euro in the future when conditions permit (though Sweden maintains that joining ERM II is voluntary, thus avoiding euro adoption for the time being).

Faroe Islands and Greenland

Template:Main The Faroe Islands uses a localised, non-independent version of the Danish krone, known as the Faroese króna pegged with the Danish krone at par, using the Danish coin series, but have their own series of distinct banknotes, first being issued in the 1950s and later modernised in the 1970s and the 2000s.

Greenland adopted the Act on Banknotes in Greenland in 2006 with a view to introducing separate Greenlandic banknotes. The Act entered into force on 1 June 2007. In the autumn of 2010, a new Greenlandic government indicated that it did not wish to introduce separate Greenlandic banknotes and Danmarks Nationalbank ceased the project to develop a Greenlandic series. Still, Greenland continues to use Danish kroner as sole official currency. Historically, Greenland under the colonial administration issued distinct banknotes between 1803 and 1968, together with coins between 1926 and 1964 (see Greenland rigsdaler and Greenland krone).

Faroe Islands and Greenland have their own IBAN codes (FO and GL, while Denmark has DK). Transfers between the countries count as international with international fees, outside EU rules.

Coins

Alloys and colour scheme

Template:Multiple image The design of the coin series is intended to ensure that the coins are easy to distinguish from each other:

The series is therefore divided into three sequences, each with its own metal colour. This division into colours has its roots in history. In earlier times, the value of the coins was equivalent to the value of the metal from which they were minted: gold was used for the coins of the highest denominations, silver for the next-highest, and copper for the lowest coin denominations. This correlation between colour and value has been retained in the present coin series (see examples to the right). The 50 øre coins are thus minted from copper-coloured bronze, the 1, 2 and 5 krone coins from a silver-coloured cupronickel alloy, and the 10 and 20 krone coins from golden aluminium bronze.

The coins differ in terms of size, weight and rim. Within each sequence the diameter and weight of the coins increase with their value. The 50 øre and 10 krone coins have smooth rims, while the rims of the 1 and 5 krone coins are milled. The rims of the 2 and 20 krone coins have interrupted milling. The 1, 2 and 5 krone coins have a hole in the middle. Use of these various characteristics makes it easy for the blind and sight-impaired to tell the coins apart.

Circulating coins <ref name=dnb>Template:Cite web</ref>
Image	Value	Technical parameters					Description			Issued from
		Diameter (mm)	Thickness (mm)	Mass (g)	Composition		Edge	Obverse	Reverse
Template:R	50 øre	21.50	1.55	4.30		Tin-bronze	Smooth	Crown of Christian V	Heart Template:Small; value	1989
	1 kr.	20.25	1.60	3.60		Cupronickel: Template:Small	Reeded	Monogram of Margrethe IITemplate:Efn	Traditional design (holed); Lettering: Danmark; value	1992
	2 kr.	24.50	1.80	5.90			Interrupted reeding
	5 kr.	28.50	2.00	9.20			Reeded			1990
	10 kr.	23.35	2.30	7.00		Aluminium bronze: Template:Small	Smooth	Margrethe IITemplate:Efn	Coat of arms; value	1989
	20 kr.	27.00	2.35	9.30			Interrupted reeding			1990
Template:Standard coin table notice

Commemoratives and thematic coins

The coins of the programme have the same size and metal composition as the regular coins of their denomination.

The first series, 20-krone coins featuring towers in Denmark, ran between 2002 and 2007 and spawned ten different motifs. Upon selecting the towers, importance had been attached not only to display aesthetic towers, but also towers with different form, functions and from different regions of Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The last coin depicting the Copenhagen City Hall was issued in June 2007, marking the end of the series. A second series of 20-krone coins, starting in 2007 with twelve different planned motifs and ten already released by November 2011, shows Denmark as a maritime nation in the world, featuring iconic Danish, Faroese and Greenlandic ships and like the previous series of tower coins, the series reflect various landmarks in shipbuilding in the three countries.

In 2005, Danmarks Nationalbank issued the first in a series of five 10-krone commemorative coins with motifs from Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales. The motifs depicted on the coins were chosen to illustrate various aspects and themes central to the fairy tales with the fifth and final fairy tale coin inspired by The Nightingale being issued on 25 October 2007.<ref>Fairy Tale coins</ref> In 2007, as the fairy tale series ended, a second series of three 10-krone commemorative coins was introduced, celebrating the International Polar Year. Featuring motifs of a polar bear, the Sirius Sledge Patrol and the Aurora Borealis, the coins aimed to accentuate scientific research in the backdrop of Greenlandic culture and geography. The third and final coin entitled 'Northern Lights' marked the completion of the series in 2009.<ref>Polar coins</ref>

Banknotes

Most Danish banknotes (with a few exceptions) issued after 1945 are valid as payment. Banknotes have since 1945 been issued with the values: 5 kroner, 10 kroner, 20 kroner, 50 kroner, 100 kroner, 200 kroner, 500 kroner, and 1000 kroner.

On 30 November 2023, it was announced that all banknotes issued before 2009 will no longer be legal tender as of 31 May 2025.<ref name=2023press/> The 1000-kroner banknote will also be phased out on the same date.<ref name=2023press/> Phased out banknotes will continue to be accepted by Danmarks Nationalbank until 31 May 2026.<ref name=deadlines>Template:Cite web</ref>

1944 series

The 1944 series, known as the substitution series, was developed in secret in 1943−1944 and designed by Danish painter Gerhard Heilmann.<ref name=substitution>Template:Cite web</ref>

Banknotes of Denmark, 1944 series<ref name=substitution/>

Value	Dimensions (mm)	Main colour		Description		Issue	Withdrawn	Lapse
				Obverse	Reverse
5 kr.	130 × 72		Blue	Value	Rosettes, lesser coat of arms	1945	1954
10 kr.	131 × 80		Orange			1945
	130 × 80		Green	Seaweed		1947
50 kr.	159 × 100		Purple	Boat with fishermen		1945	31 May 2025<ref name=deadlines/>	31 May 2026<ref name=deadlines/>
100 kr.	159 × 100		Dark Green	Seaweed decoration, dolphins
500 kr.	174 × 108		Red	Farmer behind horse-drawn plough
Template:Standard banknote table notice

1952 series

The 1952 series featured portraits and landscapes, and was issued from 1952 to 1964. It was replaced in 1972.<ref>Portræt- og landskabsserien</ref> Featuring famous Danes on the obverse and Danish landscapes on the reverse, the banknotes were designed by Template:Ill, Gunnar Andersen, and Template:Ill.<ref name=1952series>Template:Cite web</ref>

Banknotes of Denmark, 1952 series<ref name=1952series/>

Value	Dimensions (mm)	Main colour		Description		Issued from	First issued	Withdrawn	Lapse
				Obverse	Reverse
5 kr.	125 × 65		Green	Bertel Thorvaldsen The Three Graces	Kalundborg	1952–1960	14 October 1952	31 May 2025<ref name=deadlines/>	31 May 2026<ref name=deadlines/>
10 kr.			Orange	Hans Christian Andersen Stork's nest	Egeskov Mill	1952
	125 × 71		Gold			1954–1974	1954
50 kr.	153 × 78		Blue	Ole Rømer Rundetaarn	Stenvad long barrow	1957–1970	21 May 1957
100 kr.	155 × 78		Red	Hans Christian Ørsted Compass	Kronborg	1961–1970	3 May 1962
500 kr.	175 × 90		Green	Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow Plough man	Roskilde	1963–1967	2 June 1964
Template:Standard banknote table notice

1972 series

Template:Main The 1972 series featured portraits and animals, and was issued from 1975 to 1980. It was replaced in 1997. Every note had a portrait based on a painting by Jens Juel on the obverse side.<ref>Serie 1972</ref> The reverse featured animals designed by Ib Andersen and Gunnar Andersen.<ref name=1972series>Template:Cite web</ref>

Banknotes of Denmark, 1972 series<ref name=1972series/>

Value	Dimensions (mm)	Main colour		Description		Issued from	First issued	Withdrawn	Lapse
				Obverse	Reverse
10 kr.	125 × 67		Olive	Cathrine Sophie Kirchhoff	Common eider	1972–1978	8 April 1975	31 May 2025<ref name=deadlines/>	31 May 2026<ref name=deadlines/>
20 kr.	125 × 72		Orange	Pauline Maria Tutein	Two house sparrows	1979–1988	11 March 1980
50 kr.	139 × 72		Blue	Engelke Charlotte Ryberg	Crucian carp	1972–1998	21 January 1975
100 kr.	150 × 78		Red	Jens Juel (self-portrait)	Red underwing	1972–1993	22 October 1974
			Orange			1994–1998	16 October 1995
500 kr.	164 × 85		Green	Unknown (likely Franziska Genoveva von Qualen)	Sand lizard	1974–1988	18 April 1974
1000 kr.	176 × 94		Grey	Thomasine Heiberg	Red squirrel	1972–1992	11 March 1975
Template:Standard banknote table notice

1997 series

Template:Main The 1997 series features portraits and church art, and was issued from 1997 to 1999. It was replaced in 2009.<ref>Serie 1997</ref> Illustrated by Johan Alkjær, the banknotes featured portraits of Danish artists and scientists on the obverse while the reverse had motifs of cultural and religious art.<ref name=1997series>Template:Cite web</ref>

Banknotes of Denmark, 1997 series<ref name=1997series/>

Value	Dimensions (mm)	Main colour		Description		Issued from	First issued	Withdrawn	Lapse
				Obverse	Reverse
50 kr.	125 × 72		Purple	Karen Blixen	Centaur Template:Small	1999–2002 2004–2007	7 May 1999	31 May 2025<ref name=deadlines/>	31 May 2026<ref name=deadlines/>
100 kr.	135 × 72		Golden orange	Carl Nielsen	Basilisk Template:Small	1999–2001 2002–2008	22 November 1999
200 kr.	145 × 72		Green	Johanne Luise Heiberg	Lion Template:Small	1997–2000 2003–2008	10 March 1997
500 kr.	155 × 72		Blue	Niels Bohr	Knight fighting a dragon Template:Small	1997–2003 2003–2008	12 September 1997
1000 kr.	165 × 72		Red	Anna and Michael Ancher	Tournament scene Template:Small	1998 2004–2006	18 September 1998
Template:Standard banknote table notice

2009 series

Template:Main The process of designing the 'Bridge' banknotes was initiated in 2006 by Danmarks Nationalbank.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The theme of the new banknotes is Danish bridges and the surrounding landscapes, or details from these landscapes. Danish artist Karin Birgitte Lund has chosen to interpret this theme in two ways: bridges as links between various parts of Denmark and as links between the past and the present. The present is represented by the bridges, the past by five distinctive prehistoric objects found near the bridges. Among the new security features is a window thread ("Motion") with a moving wave pattern. Another feature is a new, sophisticated hologram that reflects light in different colors. The new banknotes also have the traditional security features such as the watermark and the hidden security thread.

Banknotes of Denmark, 2009 series<ref name=2009series>Template:Cite web</ref>

Image		Value	Dimensions (mm)	Main colour		Description		Issued from	First issued	Withdrawn	Lapse
Obverse	Reverse					Obverse	Reverse
File:DKK 50 obverse (2009).jpg	File:DKK 50 reverse (2009).jpg	50 kr.	125 × 72		Violet	Sallingsund Bridge	Skarpsalling vessel	2009	11 August 2009	Current
File:DKK 100 obverse (2009).jpg	File:DKK 100 reverse (2009).jpg	100 kr.	135 × 72		Orange-yellow	Little Belt Bridge	Hindsgavl Dagger	2010	4 May 2010
File:DKK 200 obverse (2009).jpg	File:DKK 200 reverse (2009).jpg	200 kr.	145 × 72		Green	Knippelsbro	Langstrup belt plate		19 October 2010
File:DKK 500 obverse (2009).jpg	File:DKK 500 reverse (2009).jpg	500 kr.	155 × 72		Blue	Queen Alexandrine Bridge	Keldby bronze pail	2011	15 February 2011
File:DKK 1000 obverse (2009).jpg	File:DKK 1000 reverse (2009).jpg	1000 kr.	165 × 72		Red	Great Belt Bridge	Trundholm sun chariot		24 May 2011	31 May 2025<ref name=deadlines/>	31 May 2026<ref name=deadlines/>
Template:Standard banknote table notice

Starting in 2020, Danmarks Nationalbank released a new version of the 500-kroner banknote with updated security features, the first in the 2009A series. Updated versions of the 50-, 100-, and 200-kroner banknotes are scheduled to enter circulation in 2024–2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2028 series

The next series of banknotes is scheduled for release in 2028 and will not contain a 1000-krone banknote, which will no longer be legal tender as of 31 May 2025, with that banknote being withdrawn in order to combat and prevent money laundering.<ref name=2023press>Template:Cite press release</ref> Banknotes from the new series and the 2009 series will co-circulate for a period of time and eventually only the new series of banknotes will be legal tender.<ref name="faq">Template:Cite web</ref> The design process started in the spring of 2024, and they are scheduled to be finalised in early 2026.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In September 2024, it was announced that the obverse of the banknotes would feature "important achievements and the people behind them" whereas the reverse will feature the sea as a motif.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The selected achievements and people are as follows:<ref name="faq" />

• Fairy tales and Hans Christian Andersen
• Astronomy and Tycho Brahe
• The Earth's core and Inge Lehmann
• The Thule Expedition and Arnarulunnguaq

Exchange rates

Cost of one Euro in Danish krone (from 1999)

See also

• Denmark and the euro
• Economy of Denmark
• Economy of the Faroe Islands
• Economy of Greenland

References

Sources

• Template:Numis cite SCWC
• Template:Numis cite SCWPM
• Template:Numis cite SCWPM
• Schön, Günter und Gerhard, Weltmünzkatalog 1900–2010, 39. Auflage, 2011, Battenberg Gietl Verlag, Template:ISBN.

External links

• Royal Mint of Denmark see Denmark's coin series.
• Historical and current banknotes of Denmark
• Danish coins at nationalbanken.dk