Daybreak Star Cultural Center

Daybreak Star Cultural Center

Early evening rainbow during 2007 Seafair Indian Days Pow Wow on the center's grounds.

Dancers in regalia during the grand entry of the 2007 Seafair Indian Days Pow Wow.

The Daybreak Star Indian Cultural Center is a Native American cultural center in Seattle, Washington, described by its parent organization United Indians of All Tribes as "an urban base for Native Americans in the Seattle area." Located on 20 acres (81,000 m²) in Seattle's Discovery Park in the Magnolia neighborhood, the center developed from activism by Bernie Whitebear and other Native Americans, who staged a generally successful self-styled "invasion" and occupation of the land in 1970. Most of the former Fort Lawton military base had been declared surplus by the U.S. Department of Defense. "The claim [Whitebear and others made] to Fort Lawton was based on rights under 1865 U.S.-Indian treaties promising reversion of surplus military lands to their original owners."<ref>Patrick McRoberts and Kit Oldham, "Fort Lawton military police clash with Native American and other protesters in the future Discovery Park on March 8, 1970", HistoryLink.org Essay 5513, August 15, 2003. Accessed 25 October 2007.</ref><ref>Duane Colt Denfeld, "Fort Lawton to Discovery Park", HistoryLink.org Essay 8772, September 23, 2008. Accessed 2 April 2010.</ref>

The existing building, a work of modern architecture incorporating many elements of traditional Northwest Native architecture, was designed by Arai Jackson Architects and Planners and completed in 1977. In 2004, plans were approved to supplement it with a complex of three additional related buildings, to be known as the People's Lodge. This was Whitebear's final dream project before he died of cancer in 2000.<ref name ="tizon">Alex Tizon, Facing The End, Activist Reflects On Life's Victories Template:Webarchive, Seattle Times, December 2, 1997. Accessed 25 October 2007.</ref> But in 2006, after agreements had been reached between the tribes, the city and nearby residents on a reduced size for the new project, the Center decided to postpone construction indefinitely for lack of funds.

Daybreak Star, a major nucleus of Native American cultural activity in its region, functions as a conference center, a location for pow wows, the location for a Head Start school program, and an art gallery. The center's permanent art collection includes a variety of large art works by and about Native Americans, notably Blue Jay, a 30-foot (9 m) wide, 12 foot (3.7 m) high sculpture by Lawney Reyes, Whitebear's brother. It was commissioned by and hung prominently for more than 30 years at the Bank of California building in downtown Seattle. (After the Bank of California merged with Union Bank in 1996 to form Union Bank of California, the work was donated to the Daybreak Star Center.) Also included in that donation was a major oil painting by Guy Anderson, based on a traditional Northwest Native representation of a whale.

Bernie Whitebear is memorialized by the Bernie Whitebear Memorial Ethnobotanical Garden next to the Center building.<ref>Bernie Whitebear Ethnobotanical Memorial Garden Template:Webarchive, AfterWords, Edmonds Community College, 2005-10-11. Accessed 2007-03-12.</ref>

History

In 1970, the U.S. federal government was in the process of reviewing military needs and planned to declare as surplus much of the grounds of Fort Lawton, located on Puget Sound in the northwestern section of the Magnolia neighborhood. The state's two U.S. Senators, Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson and Warren G. Magnuson amended the U.S. Land and Water Conservation Act of 1965, reducing the previous 50-100 percent cost of acquiring surplus federal government property to 0-50 percent, so that such property might be acquired by bodies other than real estate developers. The property would initially be transferred to the city but was not constrained in use. In that period of Indian activism, many of Seattle's urban Indians were concerned to gain a land base within the city. (As of the early 21st century, about 25,000 Indians from a variety of tribes live in the Seattle area.)<ref name ="tizon"/>

A group arose, initially identifying as Kinatechitapi, Blackfoot for "All Indians"; the name referred to the Indians of All Tribes (IAT), a group of mostly student activists then occupying Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-4>Whitebear 1994, p. 4.</ref> Joe DeLaCruz, leader of the Quinault, conducted outreach to every tribe in Washington State to try to gain their support for gaining land in Seattle.<ref>Reyes 2006, p. 98.</ref>

Kinatechitapi's first efforts to open discussions about the property with the City of Seattle, in advance of surplus land being transferred to the city, failed. The city, under mayor Wes Uhlman, said it would not open discussions until it had acquired the land, and referred the group to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).<ref name=Whitebear-1994-4>Whitebear 1994, p. 4.</ref> As Whitebear later wrote, "This action displayed their ignorance of both the BIA's restricted service policy, which excluded urban Indians, and also the disregard and disfavor urban Indians held for the BIA."<ref name=Whitebear-1994-4 /> The City said that the Indian Center in a former church near Stewart Street downtown was an adequate facility for Seattle's Indians. The members of the Magnolia Community Club, a group with significant political clout, were opposed to an Indian presence on the Fort Lawton land.<ref>Reyes 2006, p. 99.</ref>

Kinatechitapi members split between a faction that called for direct action and one that preferred to wait until the city acquired the land, in order to conduct negotiations.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-4-5>Whitebear 1994, p. 4–5.</ref> Prominent among those who preferred to wait was Pearl Warren, founder of the American Indian Women's Service League, who was concerned that a militant attitude would result in the city's reducing its provision of services to urban Indians.<ref name="Reyes 2006, p. 103">Reyes 2006, p. 103.</ref> Members agreed that those who wished to take more extreme action would not use the name Kinatechitapi.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-4-5/> Warren lost the next election for presidency of the Service League to Joyce Reyes, who was aligned with those promoting direct action. All significant Seattle Indian organizations agreed on taking action.<ref>Reyes 2006, p. 103–104.</ref>

Direct action

The more militant faction, led by Bernie Whitebear, soon adopted the name "American Indian Fort Lawton Occupation Forces".<ref name=Whitebear-1994-4-5 /> The faction included Bob Satiacum, initially a rival to Whitebear for the top leadership role. A group vote settled on Whitebear as leader.<ref name="Reyes 2006, p. 103"/> Some of the Indians of All Tribes traveled to Seattle from Alcatraz for the action, including Richard Oakes, leader of that action; other activists came from Canada. Grace Thorpe, daughter of athlete Jim Thorpe, also arrived to give support.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-5>Whitebear 1994, p. 5.</ref> Local activists Ella Aquino and Ramona Bennett helped plan the occupation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The group planned to invade the base from two directions, with one group scaling the bluffs from Elliott Bay while another scaled the fence near the Lawton Wood community on the north side of the base. The group committed to nonviolence in this action.<ref>Reyes 2006, pp. 99–100.</ref>

American Indian soldiers and others were protesting at Fort Lewis, near Tacoma, linking native rights to opposition to the Vietnam War. At the behest of the Fort Lewis coalition, actress Jane Fonda came to Seattle at the time of the invasion of Fort Lawton.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-5 /> According to Whitebear, her presence

"captured the imagination of the world press. American Indians were attacking active military forts along with one of the nation's leading opponents of United States involvement in the Vietnam War." Her presence transformed "an effort to secure a land base for urban Indians" into "a bizarre, ready-for-prime-time, movie scenario, complete with soldiers, modern-day Indians, and anti-war activists. Without really appreciating it at the time, the Indian movement had achieved through Jane Fonda's presence, a long-sought credibility which would not have been possible otherwise."<ref>Whitebear 1994, p. 5. Typos in the original have been corrected; it said "modem day-Indians"; this has been corrected to "modern-day Indians"; also, Fonda's name was typoed in one place as "Fcinda".</ref>

On the evening of March 7, 1970, at a pow-wow held at the Filipino Community Hall in south Seattle, invasion plans were announced. The following day, March 8, 1970, about 100 "Native Americans and sympathizers" confronted military police in riot gear at the fort, while about 500 supporters staged a legal protest outside the gates. Some of the invaders reached the base chapel, where a Sunday service was in progress, but in general, skirmish lines were quickly formed and the military police contained the invasion.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-5 /><ref name=Reyes-2006-97-113>Reyes 2006, p. 97 et. seq., 113.</ref> Some of the invaders failed to maintain non-violence, especially when confronted by what Whitebear characterized as "overly aggressive handling by the MPs".<ref name="Reyes 2006, p. 104–105">Reyes 2006, p. 104–105.</ref> MPs (Military Police), aided by regular Army troops and Seattle Police, initially placed the invaders in the fort stockade, then ejected them from the fort. The Indian activists established a tipi encampment outside the fort.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-5 /> Mayor Uhlman and Senator Jackson held a press conference about the Fort Lawton property, promising a city park at the site above Puget Sound. They did not refer to the Indian action.<ref name="Reyes 2006, p. 104–105">Reyes 2006, p. 104–105.</ref>

United Indians of All Tribes Foundation

Organizing as the United Indians of All Tribes Foundation (UIATF) with Whitebear as executive director, the Indians used tactics ranging from politicking to occupation of land to celebrity appearances to gain more support.<ref name="Reyes 2006, p. 104–105"/> For three months, activists engaged in what Whitebear later described as "Invasion, arrests, jailings, letters of expulsion from military property, physical escort off the fort, re-invasion."<ref name="Whitebear-1994-4-5"/> The Army cordoned off the fort with concertina wire, brought in two companies of troops from Fort Lewis to prevent incursions, and dug foxholes.<ref name="Whitebear-1994-4-5"/>

By this time more than 40 non-Indian organizations in King County supported the Indians' efforts. Gary and Beverly Beaver, Randy Lewis, Grace Thorpe, Douglas Remington, and Bernie Whitebear testified before a congressional committee chaired by Morris Udall, and received support from US congressman Brock Adams from Seattle.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-6>Whitebear 1994, p. 6.</ref> Whitebear forged a relationship with Tom McLaughlin, deputy regional director of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and through him with Buck Kelley, the regional director and top political appointee for HEW in the region. UIATF, which had previously avoided dealing with the BIA, now went through the National Congress of American Indians to approach the BIA and request a freeze on plans to transfer land at Fort Lawton until the issue between UIATF and the city was resolved. BIA commissioner Louis Bruce imposed such a freeze for a time, but eventually backed off at the behest of his boss, the Department of the Interior.<ref name="Reyes 2006, p. 104–105"/>

When the federal government officially put the surplus land up for offers, UIATF filed to acquire a portion of the fort directly from the federal government. Thanks to Whitebear's maneuvering, UIATF's application to acquire part of the land was technically filed prior to the city's application for the whole parcel.<ref name="Reyes 2006, p. 104–105"/><ref name=Whitebear-1994-6 /> The federal General Services Administration, which handled the surplus process, ultimately insisted that the City and UIATF come up with a joint plan for the property. In November 1971, the parties agreed that the city would grant UIATF with a 99-year lease on 20 acres (81,000 m²) in what would become Seattle's Discovery Park, with options for renewal without renegotiation.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-5 /><ref name=Reyes-2006-97-113 /><ref>Reyes 2002, p. 187</ref><ref name="McRoberts 2003">McRoberts 2003</ref> In addition, the City granted $600,000 to the American Indian Women's Service League for a social services center.<ref name=Whitebear-1994-5 />

Whitebear was soon elected as CEO of the UIATF,<ref>Reyes 2002, p.185–186</ref> and undertook fundraising (including a one million dollar grant from the state), and supervision of design and construction. Whitebear's brother Lawney Reyes joined with architects of Arai Jackson to design the facility, which used traditional Native American elements in a modern building. It opened in 1977.<ref>Reyes 2002, p. 187–188.</ref><ref>Reyes 2006, p. 108 et. seq. provides several anecdotes about the fundraising for Daybreak Star.</ref>

In the same era when Daybreak Star was being constructed, Whitebear was appointed to the Seattle Arts Commission. The UIATF was granted an $80,000 arts grant for the center.<ref>Reyes 2006, p. 113.</ref> The center has wireless Internet access ("UIATF-A").

References

• Lawney L. Reyes, White Grizzly Bear's Legacy: Learning to be Indian, University of Washington Press, 2002. Template:ISBN.
• Lawney L. Reyes, Bernie Whitebear: An Urban Indian's Quest for Justice, University of Arizona, 2006. Template:ISBN. Template:ISBN.
• Bernie Whitebear, "Self-Determination: Taking Back Fort Lawton. Meeting the Needs of Seattle's Native American Community Through Conversion", Race, Poverty & the Environment, Volume IV, Number 4 /Volume V, Number 1 Spring - Summer 1994 Template:Webarchive, p. 3–6.

External links

• [1]
• https://www.unitedindians.org/arts-culture/sacred-circle-gallery/
• https://www.unitedindians.org/daybreak-star-center/
• https://sacredcirclegiftsandart.com/pages/locations