Deianira
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Deianira, Deïanira, or Deianeira<ref name=eb11>Template:Cite EB1911</ref> (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Langx, or Template:Langx, Template:IPA), also known as Dejanira,<ref>Template:Cite EB9</ref> is a Calydonian princess in Greek mythology whose name translates as "man-destroyer"<ref>P. Walcot, "Greek Attitudes towards Women: The Mythological Evidence" Rome, 2nd Series, 31:1:43 (April 1984); at JSTOR</ref> or "destroyer of her husband".<ref>Koine. Y. (editor in chief), Kenkyusha's New English-Japanese Dictionary, 5th ed., Kenkyusha, 1980, p.551.</ref><ref>Antoninus Liberalis, Notes and Commentary on Meleagrides sv. Deianira, p.111</ref> She was the wife of Heracles and, in late Classical accounts, his unwitting murderer, killing him with the poisoned Shirt of Nessus. She is the main character in Sophocles' play Women of Trachis.
Family
Deianira was the daughter of Althaea and her husband Oeneus<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (whose name means "wine-man"), the king of Calydon (after the wine-god gave the king the vine to cultivate), and the sister of Meleager. Her other siblings were Toxeus, Clymenus, Periphas, Agelaus (or Ageleus), Thyreus (or Phereus or Pheres), Gorge, Eurymede and Melanippe.<ref>Hesiod, Ehoiai fr. 98 as cited in Berlin Papyri, No. 9777; Antoninus Liberalis, 2</ref><ref>Antoninus Liberalis, 2 as cited in Nicander's Metamorphoses</ref>
In some accounts, Deianira was the daughter of King Dexamenus of Olenus<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 31 & 33</ref> and thus, sister to Eurypylus,<ref>Pausanias, 7.19.9</ref> Theronice and Theraephone.<ref>Pausanias, 5.3.3</ref> Others called this daughter of Dexamenus as Mnesimache<ref>Apollodorus, 2.5.5</ref> or Hippolyte.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, 4.33.1</ref>
Deianira was the mother of Onites,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hyllus, Glenus, Onites, Ctesippus, and Macaria, who saved the Athenians from defeat by Eurystheus.
Mythology and literature
Marriage
In Sophocles' account of Deianira's marriage, she was courted by the river god Achelous, but was saved from having to marry him by Heracles, who defeated Achelous in a wrestling contest for her hand in marriage.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In another version of the tale, where she was described as the daughter of Dexamenus, Heracles raped her and promised to come back and marry her. While he was away, the centaur Eurytion appeared and demanded her as his wife. Her father, being afraid, agreed, but Heracles returned before the marriage and slew the centaur and claimed his bride.<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 31</ref>
Deianira was associated with combat, and was described as someone who "drove a chariot and practiced the art of war."<ref>Apollodorus, 1.8.1</ref>
Death of Heracles
The most famous story containing Deianira concerns the Shirt of Nessus. A wild centaur named Nessus attempted to kidnap or rape Deianira as he was ferrying her across the river Euenos, but she was rescued by Heracles, who shot the centaur with an arrow laced with the venom of the Hydra. As he lay dying, Nessus persuaded Deianira to take a sample of his blood, claiming that, when mixed with his semen, it would create a love potion that would ensure Heracles would never again be unfaithful.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
When Heracles fell in love with the younger and more beautiful Iole, Deianira, fearing that she would lose her husband, decided to use the potion. She soaked a tunic or shirt (perhaps Heracles' famous lionskin shirt) in the potion. When Heracles put on the shirt, the venom from the very arrow he had used to kill Nessus began to burn and eat away at his skin. When he tried to remove the shirt, he tore off chunks of his own flesh. Eventually, unable to bear the pain any longer, Heracles built a funeral pyre and immolated himself. When Deianira realized what she had done, she committed suicide, either by hanging or by a sword.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Sequence
Middle Age tradition
She is remembered in De Mulieribus Claris, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, composed in 1361Template:Endash62. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.<ref name="Brown_xi">Template:Cite book</ref>
Calydonian family tree
Notes
References
Primary sources
- Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
- Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Hesiod, Catalogue of Women from Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914. Online version at theio.com
- Hesiod, Catalogue of Women fr. 2 5
- Ovid, Heroides 9
- Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.101-238
- Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Template:ISBN. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
- Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Secondary sources
- Peck, Harry Thurston, Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. New York. Harper and Brothers. 1898
- Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths, 1955, 142.ff, 142.2,3,5
- Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition. Penguin Books Limited. 2017. Template:ISBN