Dendera
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Dendera (Template:Langx Dandarah; Template:Langx; Bohairic Template:Langx; Sahidic Template:Langx),<ref name = Gauthier23>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> also spelled Denderah, ancient Iunet đșđđđ âjwn.tâ,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tentyris<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>,(Arabic: Ewan-t Ű„ÙÙۧÙ-Ű© ),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or Tentyra<ref>In old sources such as Belzoni.</ref> is a small town and former bishopric in Egypt situated on the west bank of the Nile, about Template:Convert south of Qena, on the opposite side of the river. It is located approximately Template:Convert north of Luxor and remains a Latin Catholic titular see. It contains the Dendera Temple complex, one of the best-preserved temple sites from ancient Upper Egypt.
In Ancient Egypt, Iunet (Dendera) was the capital of the Sixth Nome of Upper Egypt (Iqer). Sometimes its governor was the head of all of Upper Egypt, like Idu I who served in the late 6th dynasty.
Etymology
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The original name of the town is Template:Langx, the etymology of which is unknown. It was later complemented by the name of the chief goddess Hathor and became Egyptian Template:Langx which is the source of Template:Langx or just {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "of the goddess", which is the source of Template:Langx. The modern Arabic name of the town comes from either its Greek or Coptic name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
There is also an aberrant Coptic form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which could be either dissimilation of a regular name or a confusion with Koine {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Temple complex
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Dendera Temple complex, which contains the Temple of Hathor, is one of the best-preserved temples, if not the best-preserved one, in all of Upper Egypt. The whole complex covers some 40,000 square meters and is surrounded by a hefty mud brick wall. The present Temple of Hathor dates back to July 54 BC, at the time of Ptolemy XII of the Ptolemaic dynasty,<ref name="KAB">Template:Cite book</ref> and was completed by the Roman emperor Tiberius, but it rests on the foundations of earlier buildings dating back at least as far as Khufu (known as the Great Pyramid builder Cheops, the second Pharaoh of the 4th dynasty [c. 2613âc. 2494 BC]) but it was the pharaoh Pepi I Meryre who built the temple.<ref name="KAB"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It was once home to the celebrated Dendera zodiac, which is now displayed in the Louvre Museum in Paris. There are also Roman and pharaonic Mammisi (birth houses), ruins of a Coptic church and a small chapel dedicated to Isis, dating to the Roman or the Ptolemaic epoch.
In the vicinity of the temple complex a bakery dated to the First Intermediate Period was discovered by the French-Polish expedition from the Institut français dâarchĂ©ologie orientale (IFAO) and the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. Bread offered to Hathor was baked here.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The team also excavated the so-called Eastern Temple in this area.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The area around the temple has been extensively landscaped and now has a modern visitor centre, bazaar and small cafeteria.
Ecclesiastical history
After Egypt became a Roman possession, the city of Tentyris was part of the Late Roman province of Thebais Secunda. Its bishopric was a suffragan of Ptolemais Hermiou, the capital and metropolitan see of the province. Little is known of the history of Christianity in the place, as only the names of two ancient bishops are given:
- Pachomius the Great, generally recognized as the founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism
- Serapion or Aprion, a contemporary and friend of the monk Pachomius, whose diocese boasted the celebrated convent of Tabenna.
The town was given its present Arabic name of Denderah during the late Ottoman Empire and ruled 6000 inhabitants in Qena (Qeneh) district.
Titular see
Under the Latin name Tentyris, the episcopal see was nominally revived as a titular bishopric (in Curiate Italian repeatedly renamed) since 1902, but is vacant since 1972,<ref>Tentyris at catholic-hierarchy.org.</ref> having had the following incumbents of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank :
- Matteo Gaughren, Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (O.M.I.) (1902.01.13 â 1914.05.30)
- Emile-Marie Bunoz, O.M.I. (1917.06.13 â 1945.06.03)
- AndrĂ© van den Bronk, Society of African Missions (S.M.A.) (1946.07.30 â 1952.05.15)
- Teodoro Bensch (1956.12.01 â 1958.01.07)
- Jean-RosiĂšre-EugĂšne Arnaud, Paris Foreign Missions Society (M.E.P.) (1958.03.02 â 1972.09.11).
Climate
This area has a large amount of sunshine year round due to its stable descending air and high pressure. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Dendera has a hot desert climate, abbreviated "BWh" on climate maps.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sponsors
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Roman Emperor Domitian on the Northern gate of the Temple of Hathor.
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Roman Emperor Trajan at Dendera, Egypt
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Roman Emperor Trajan offers to Hathor and Ra-Harakhte, Dendera.
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Emperor Trajan as a Pharaoh making an offering to the Gods, in Dendera.<ref name="PAS">"Trajan was, in fact, quite active in Egypt. Separate scenes of Domitian and Trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. There are cartouches of Domitian and Trajan on the column shafts of the Temple of Knum at Esna, and on the exterior a frieze text mentions Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian" Template:Cite book</ref>
Monuments
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Dendera Temple complex.
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Dendera Temple of Hathor.
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Relief of Bes in the Hathor Temple courtyard.
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Domitian Monumental Gate, a later Roman addition, as seen from afar.
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Portrait relief of Hathor. For Hathor and Bat, another bovine goddess, they are unique in that such depictions of them facing the onlooker and not in profile in accordance with the characteristic Egyptian convention are common.
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References â Notes
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