Department of Corrections (New Zealand)

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Template:Short description Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox government agency The Department of Corrections (Māori: Ara Poutama Aotearoa) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with managing the New Zealand corrections system. This includes the operations of the 18 prisons in New Zealand and services run by Probation. Corrections' role and functions were defined and clarified with the passing of the Corrections Act 2004. This includes the provision of rehabilitation programmes and the reintegration of prisoners back into the community.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2024, Corrections had about 10,000 staff responsible for managing around 10,000 prison inmates and 30,000 offenders in the community.

Corrections purpose

Section 5 of the Act defines four goals that the Department is required to achieve:<ref>Section 5, Purpose of corrections system, Corrections Act</ref>

  • ensure that sentences and orders imposed by the courts and the parole board are administered in a "safe, secure, humane, and effective manner;"
  • ensure that prisons are operated in accordance with the Act and the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners;
  • assist in the rehabilitation and reintegration of prisoners back into the community;
  • provide background information on offenders to the courts and the Parole Board to assist them in decision-making.

Meeting its purpose

While the Department meets many of its obligations under the Corrections Act 2004 significant challenges persist, particularly in addressing overcrowding, the influence of gangs and associated violence, the impact of mental health issues among prisoners, the provision of adequate medical care, reducing reoffending rates, and ensuring equitable outcomes for Māori.

Safe and humane treatment

Violence is common within New Zealand prisons. Thousands of inmates request voluntary segregation each year to avoid fights and gang related problems in mainstream prison units.<ref>Gangs in prisons: Call for segregated wings for patched members to counter influence, NZ Herald, 5 March 2025</ref>

Staff shortages have led to concerns that prisoners have been locked in their cells for up to 23 hours a day, or even longer;<ref>Report criticises long lock-up times at Waikeria prison, RNZ, 3 May 2018</ref><ref>Mt Eden Prison inmates face 22 to 23-hour lockdowns in cells, physical visits denied as Corrections struggles with staff crisis, Stuff, 6 April 2023</ref><ref>Rimutaka prisoners still locked in their cells for up to 23 hours a day, Stuff 3 May 2024</ref> they may wait up to three months to see a prison doctor;<ref>Prisoners waiting up to three months to see healthcare professional, RNZ, 9 August 2024</ref> and may be denied medication for serious mental health issues.<ref>Prisoners denied mental health drugs - lawyer, RNZ, 12 November 2015</ref> Those in prison are four times more likely to attempt suicide than the general population, and twice as likely to experience suicidal ideation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2023, Chief Ombudsman, Peter Boshier, published a report in which he said the Department had a risk-averse and reactive organisational culture, and that it failed to focus its efforts on the fair, safe and humane treatment of people in prison.<ref>Summary of Making a Difference, Investigation into the Department of Corrections, Office of the Ombudsman</ref> In a report in 2024 into the Prisoners of Extreme Risk Unit (PERU), he described the unit's conditions as "cruel, inhuman, and degrading".<ref>Report on an examination of the Prisoners of Extreme Risk Unit under the Crimes of Torture Act 1989</ref> In 2025, he criticized the Department as "dinosaurian", saying they were too slow in responding to his recommendations.<ref>Outgoing Ombudsman criticises 'dinosaurian' prisoner treatment, 1News, 23 March 2025.</ref>

Rehabilitation

An investigation by the Ombudsman into the treatment of prisoners in 2004 found that the availability of rehabilitation programmes was extremely limited.<ref>Ombudsmen’s Investigation of the Department of Corrections In Relation to the Detention and Treatment of Prisoners J. Belgrave and M. Smith, Dec 2005.</ref> Some improvements have been made and in 2009 it was announced that up to 1,000 prisoners a year would be able to access drug treatment programmes in prison by 2011.<ref>Prisoner numbers highlight need for skills, rehab. Beehive, Judith Collins</ref>

In 2012, Corrections was tasked by the Government with reducing re-offending by 25% by 2017.<ref>Introduction from the Chief Executive, Strategic Intentions 2015-2019, Corrections Department</ref> This was a challenging target. Corrections Annual Report from 2017 shows an average reduction in reoffending achieved by 21 different programmes and interventions of 5.3%.<ref>Annual Report 2017, Corrections department, p. 163</ref> However, 35% of prisoners are on short sentences (under two years) and historically, have had very limited access to rehabilitation programmes, as these are prioritized for longer-term inmates with more serious offending.<ref>Sentence Length, Corrections Website</ref>

Since 2018, the effectiveness of the Department's programmes has declined even further. For instance, Corrections offers rehabilitation programmes targeting criminal thinking and decision making. One such programme, the Medium Intensity Rehabilitation Programme (MIRP), is delivered in the community and most prisons. Corrections Annual Report for 2024 found that this program reduced reoffending (in the 12 months after release from prison) by only 1%.<ref>Annual Report 2023/24, Corrections Department, p.196</ref>

Providing information

Section 26A(1) of the Sentencing Act requires probation officers to prepare presentence reports on approximately 30,000 defendants appearing in court each year.<ref>Pre-sentence reports, Corrections Department</ref> In an interview with Radio New Zealand in 2019, Chester Borrows, chair of the Criminal Justice Reform Panel, said judges and lawyers were dissatisfied with the quality of these reports. He added “presentence reports currently being prepared for Court were badly written and did not provide relevant information. We are hearing from judges and from lawyers that they are cut and paste documents using the same phrases over and over again”. Nigel Hampton, KC is quoted as saying: “the pre-sentencing reports have turned from in-depth studies to routine 'box-ticking' exercises over the past 20 years.” <ref>Pre-sentencing reports for offenders criticised by judges and lawyers, RNZ, 29 April 2019</ref>

Judges also receive information about defendants from a limited number of alcohol and drug assessments, and from mental health assessments ordered under section 38 of the Criminal Procedure (Mentally Impaired Persons) Act 2003. Cultural reports used to provide more detailed information but legal funding for these was abolished in 2024.<ref>One year since funding scrapped for section 27 reports, RNZ, 13 march 2025</ref>

Chief Executives

Jeremy Lightfoot was appointed as Chief Executive in February 2020.<ref>Jeremy Lightfoot appointed Corrections Chief Executive, NZ Law Society, 18 February 2020</ref> Previous chief executives include: Mark Byers, Barry Matthews, and Ray Smith.

History

Prior to 1995 the country's prisons, probation system and the courts were all managed by the Department of Justice. The Department of Corrections was formed in 1995 by the Department of Justice (Restructuring) Act 1995.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This act gave management of prisoners, parolees and offenders on probation to the Department of Corrections while leaving administration of the court system and fines collection<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with the Ministry of Justice. The intention was to enable the new department to improve public safety and assist in the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders.

Mark Byers was chief executive of the Department of Corrections for its first ten years, retiring in 2005. Byers oversaw a range of organisational initiatives and, in 2000, introduced a new computer system called "Integrated Offender Management". At the time, this was described as "the biggest single initiative the Department has undertaken to reduce reoffending." IOMS cost $40 million but had no impact of the rate of re-conviction which remained at 55% two years after release.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Barry Matthews served as chief executive from 2005 to 2010. In a farewell interview, he listed his top three achievements as the implementation of cell phone blocking technology in prisons, better enforcement by the Probation Service of sentence compliance, and the establishment of the Professional Standards Unit to investigate corruption by prison officers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2011 when Ray Smith was chief executive, Corrections Minister Judith Collins introduced legislation banning cigarette smoking by prisoners.<ref>Prisons five years smoke-free, Law Society, 1 July 2016</ref>

Privatisation

In 2000, New Zealand's first privately run prison, the Auckland Central Remand Prison, also known as Mt. Eden Prison, opened under contract to Australasian Correctional Management (ACM). However, the use of private prisons in New Zealand has been controversial. The Labour government was opposed to privatisation, and in 2004, amended the law to prohibit the extension of private prison contracts. A year later, the 5-year contract with ACM was not renewed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2010, the National government again introduced private prisons and international conglomerate Serco was awarded the contract to run the Mt Eden Prison.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2015, Serco's contract to run the Mount Eden prison was revoked due to numerous scandals and operation was given back to the New Zealand Department of Corrections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Serco was ordered to pay $8 million to the New Zealand government as a result of problems at Mount Eden Prison while it was under Serco's management.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Despite its poor performance, Serco was subsequently given the contract to build and manage a new 960-bed prison at Wiri. Corrections contract with Serco provides stiff financial penalties if its rehabilitation programmes fail to reduce reoffending by 10% more than the Corrections Department programmes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Auckland South Corrections Facility was opened on 8 May 2015.<ref name="DOC-Auckland-South">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NZHerald-Auckland-South">Template:Cite news</ref> The contract to operate the prison ends in 2040.<ref name="NZHerald-2017-government-plans">Template:Cite news</ref>

Growth in prison population

In 1950, there were 1,043 New Zealanders in prison.<ref>New Zealand, World Prison Brief</ref> Between 1950 and 2018, the prison population rose from 1,043 to 10,820 – an increase of over 1,000%. At 201 prisoners per 100,000 of population (in 2018), this meant New Zealand had one of the highest rates of imprisonment in the Western world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The increase was largely driven by politicians of the major political parties in New Zealand competing to be tough on crime - in a process known as penal populism.<ref>Penal Populism in New Zealand, Prof John Pratt. Punishment and Society, 2005 7(3):303-322</ref> Between 2000 and 2008, the Fifth Labour Government built four prisons<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> – at Ngawha (Northern Region) housing 420 prisoners, Spring Hill (north of Huntly) housing 840, Auckland Women's housing 330 and Milton (Otago) housing 425 – at a cost of $890 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> When National came to power in 2008, the department built a new 1,000 bed prison at Mt Eden for $218 million<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in a public private partnership and gave the contract to Serco.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The department's growth has been such that in July 2010, Finance Minister Bill English expressed concerns that government spending was "led by a rapidly expanding prison system which would soon make Corrections the government's biggest department".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As at December 2011, New Zealand had 20 prisons and the department employed over 8,000 staff.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 2025, the number of staff had risen to 10,000.

Despite English's concerns about the growing cost, in 2011 the government approved the building of a new 960-bed prison at Wiri estimated to cost nearly $400 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later that year justice sector forecasts showed a drop in the projected prison forecast for the first time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Charles Chauvel, Labour Party spokesperson for justice, and the Public Service Association both questioned the need for a new prison when there were 1,200 empty beds in the prison system.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In March 2012, Corrections Minister Anne Tolley announced that the new prison would enable older prisons such as Mt Crawford in Wellington and the New Plymouth prison to be closed. Older units at Arohata, Rolleston, Tongariro/Rangipo and Waikeria prisons will also be shut down.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2018, the Labour Government announced a plan to reduce the prison population by 30% over 15 years.<ref>Government aims to cut prison population and fix 'abnormal' system, Stuff 29 march 2018</ref> While Labour was in Government the prison population dropped more than 25 per cent, from a peak of 10,820 to 7677 in March 2022.<ref>Exclusive: 'Expensive failure' – New Zealand's cost per prisoner rises while jail population dwindles</ref> Since the coalition of National, ACT and New Zealand First became Government in 2023, the muster has gone back up over 10,000 again for the first time in four years.<ref>Prison population exceeds 10,000 for first time in four years, NZ Herald, 11 November 2024</ref>

Sentence length

Although the number of inmates currently stands at about 10,000, the prison population is very fluid, and altogether up to 20,000 people spend time in prison each year.<ref>National Health Committee 2010, p. 23.</ref> Nearly 75% of those given a prison sentence are sentenced to two years or less, as their offending is relatively minor.<ref>Department of Corrections Offender Volumes Report 2011, p 18.</ref> Short term prisoners are automatically released halfway through their sentence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

However, at any one time about 50% of those in prison are serving long sentences (more than two years), usually for sexual, violent and serious drug offences.<ref>Sentence Length, Corrections Website</ref>

Growth of remand population

A large percentage of people in prison are on remand while waiting for their cases to be finalised in court. In December 2024, 41% of male prisoners and 53% of female prisoners were on remand, double the remand rates of 10 years ago.<ref>New sentencing laws will drive NZ’s already high imprisonment rates, RNZ, 27 March 2025</ref>

Rate of imprisonment

As of 2025, New Zealand's imprisonment rate is 187 prisoners per 100,000 people, which is significantly higher than many comparable countries such as Canada (90 per 100,000), Australia (163 per 100,000), and England (141 per 100,000). This places New Zealand among the countries with the highest incarceration rates in the OECD, driven primarily by competition between political parties to be tough on crime at successive elections.<ref>New sentencing laws will drive NZ’s already high imprisonment rates, RNZ 27 March 2025</ref>

Recidivism

Recidivism can be measured by the rate at which offenders are reconvicted and/or reimprisoned. Around 56.5% of prisoners are reconvicted within two years of being released, and about 35.8% are re-imprisoned within two years of being released. For those in prison for the first time, the re-imprisonment rate is 30%, but for recidivists, the re-imprisonment rate is 60%.<ref>Re-imprisonment rates: "first-timers" and "recidivists", Corrections website</ref> The more time someone has spent in prison, the more likely they are to return to prison following any given release.<ref>Re-imprisonment rates by number of previous sentences, Corrections website</ref>

Profile of typical prisoner

The typical prisoner in New Zealand often comes from a background of poverty, trauma, and systemic disadvantage, with Māori disproportionately represented (52% of the prison population despite being 15% of the general population).<ref>Hāpaitia te Oranga Tangata, Ministry of Justice</ref> Children from such backgrounds have increased rates of behavioural problems, early substance abuse, depression and anxiety, which may eventually contribute to criminal offending.<ref>Social Risk Factors for Involvement in Crime, Beehive</ref> Gangs often provide a sense of belonging for children who grow up experiencing systemic neglect and abuse.<ref>Youth gangs in New Zealand, Parliament Research paper, December, 2019</ref> These affiliations perpetuate cycles of crime and violence.

Socio-economic hardship plays a significant role, with many prisoners experiencing poor school performance, undiagnosed learning difficulties, and limited access to education or stable housing.<ref>Invisible children: A Study of the Children of Prisoners. Liz Gordon, Pillars, 2009</ref> Up to 87% of prisoners in New Zealand were unemployed immediately before their imprisonment.<ref>Up to 87 percent of prisoners unemployed before prison, Scoop, August 2017</ref> Most prisoners are male (93.9%) and under 40 years old. Nearly half struggle with literacy challenges.<ref>What were they thinking? A discussion paper on brain and behaviour in relation to the justice system in New Zealand, Ian Lambie, Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor, January 2020</ref>

Those who have been sexually abused or subject to serious violence as children have increased rates of post-traumatic stress disorder. For instance, 77% of prisoners have been victims of violence, and over half of incarcerated women report being sexually assaulted.<ref>New Zealand prisoners’ prior exposure to trauma, Marianne Bevan Research Adviser, Department of Corrections</ref> Mental health issues are widespread, with over 62% diagnosed with conditions such as PTSD, depression, or substance use disorders. Neurodiverse conditions like fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are also overrepresented in prisons.<ref>What were they thinking? A discussion paper on brain and behaviour in relation to the justice system in New Zealand, Ian Lambie, Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor, January 2020</ref>

Individuals from these backgrounds often resort to substance abuse in a process of self-medication, so addiction issues also drive criminal behaviour. Up to 80% of defendants appearing in Court meet criteria for a substance use disorder and a 2016 study found that of those sent to prison, 91% had a lifetime diagnosis of either a mental health or substance use disorder.<ref>Comorbid substance use disorders and mental health disorders among New Zealand prisoners, Jill Bowman, Principal Research Adviser, Practice. The New Zealand Corrections Journal, August 2016.</ref>

Cost to taxpayers

In 2001 the Department estimated that a lifetime of offending by one person costs victims and taxpayers $3 million.<ref>About Time 2001. p. 28.</ref> The cost of keeping a person in prison for 12 months is estimated at around $150,000.<ref>Exclusive: 'Expensive failure' – New Zealand's cost per prisoner rises while jail population dwindles, NZ Herald, 28 March 2022</ref>

In 2024, Corrections' operating and capital budget was $1.94 billion. This included funding for the Waikeria Prison expansion, increased prison capacity, and additional corrections officers.<ref>Corrections - Supplementary Estimates of Appropriations 2023/24</ref>

Rehabilitation policies

Section 6 of the Corrections Act 2004 states offenders must be given access to activities that may contribute to their rehabilitation and reintegration into the community "so far as is reasonable and practicable in the circumstances within the resources available." Corrections research suggests that if a rehabilitative programme required as part of the sentence could reform just one high-risk offender, that success would be worth at least $500,000 of "benefit" in the form of avoided costs to Police, Courts, Corrections, income support, and victims.<ref>About Time 2001. p. 44.</ref>

IOMS

In 2000, a rehabilitation approach based on enhanced computerised access to information about offenders was tried. The new chief executive of the department, Mark Byers, introduced a $40 million scheme designed to reduce reoffending called Integrated Offender Management System (IOMS). At the time it was described as "the biggest single initiative the department has undertaken to reduce reoffending". Seven years later, Criminologist Greg Newbold said the scheme was an expensive failure and described it as "another wreck on the scrapheap of abandoned fads of criminal rehabilitation."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Addictions

Research suggests that nearly 90% of offenders were alcohol or drug affected in the period leading up to their offence.<ref>About Time 2001. p. 50.</ref> In 2004 an Ombudsman's investigation into the treatment of prisoners found that only 174 inmates a year were able to receive substance abuse treatment.<ref>Ombudsmen’s Investigation of the Department of Corrections In Relation to the Detention and Treatment of Prisoners J. Belgrave and M. Smith, Dec 2005, p 41.</ref> Since then successive governments have responded by establishing additional Drug Treatment Units (DTU's) within the prison system. By 2011, this increased the number of prisoners able to attend drug treatment to 1,000 a year.<ref>Addiction Treatment Units for inmates double, Stuff, 29 September 2011.</ref> This represents only 5% of the more than 20,000 people who spend time in prison each year.<ref>Health in Justice, Ministry of Heath, 2010, p 23</ref>

Unfortunately, these Drug Treatment Units are almost totally ineffective. In 2023, the six month drug treatment program reduced reoffending by only 1.9%.<ref>Corrections Annual Report 2022-23, p. 202.</ref> In 2024, this programme reduced reoffending by 0.1%.<ref>Corrections Annual Report 2022-24, p 196</ref>

Criminal thinking

Corrections also offers rehabilitation programmes targeting criminal thinking and decision making. One such programme called Straight Thinking was delivered to offenders in the community and in prison. Between 2000 and 2006 over 10,000 offenders were required to attend this programme until an evaluation found it appeared to increase the likelihood of re-offending rather than reducing it.<ref>Straight Thinking, Dr Brendan Anstiss, Psychological Services, Department of Corrections website.</ref> The Department replaced Straight Thinking with the Medium Intensity Rehabilitation Programme (MIRP).<ref>Medium Intensity Rehabilitation Programme corrections.govt.nz</ref> In 2011, an evaluation of the MIRP found that two years after completing this programme, the reduction in recidivism was zero per cent.<ref>Corrections Annual Report 2011, p 6.</ref>

Results

In 2012 the government announced that an extra $65 million would be put into rehabilitation, in an effort to reduce re-offending by 25% within five years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Five years later, the Department's Annual report for 2018 shows its 17 prison based rehabilitation programmes reduced reoffending by an average of only 5.5%. Only three of the 17 results were considered statistically significant.<ref>Corrections Annual Report 2028-19, p.159</ref>

In 2024, Corrections offered eight different rehabilitation programmes in prison. The average reduction in reoffending achieved by these programmes was 2.3%.<ref>Annual Report 2023/24, Corrections Department</ref> The Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court in Auckland reduces the reoffending of graduates by 86%.

Reintegration strategies

The poor performance of the Department's rehabilitation programmes is partly due to inadequate support provided to prisoners on release. Over 10,000 people on short-term sentences are released from prison each year. Another 2,500 long term inmates are released by the Parole Board.<ref>Expanding Residential Community Care and Services: A policy option for New Zealand? Shaun Goldfinch, Principal Policy Adviser, Department of Corrections, Practice, November 2018</ref> Corrections lists the need for employment, accommodation, education and training, and supportive family and community relationships as key factors.<ref>Our approach to reintegration, Corrections Annual Report 2016</ref>

Of these reintegration needs, finding suitable accommodation is the most significant hurdle. Historically, reintegration has been difficult partly because the Department funds only two halfway houses with a total of 28 beds in the whole country – Salisbury Street Trust in Christchurch and Moana House in Dunedin (co-funded by the Ministry of Health). Less than 1% of the 9,000 prisoners released each year go into them. (In Canada, 60% of federal prisoners are released into halfway houses.<ref>Amey Bell & Shelley Trevethan, Community Residential Facilities in Canada, Correctional Service of Canada, p i.</ref> There are no halfway houses funded by Corrections in the North Island where the bulk of prisoners are held.<ref>Corrections used to run Te Ihi Tü in New Plymouth. It closed after an evaluation found the programme was "not effective in reducing recidivism amongst participants". Te Ihi Tu Community Residential Centre, Evaluation Report, June 2008, p 31</ref> There are no halfway houses for women funded by Corrections anywhere in the country.

Suicide in prisons

Prisoners are four times more likely to attempt suicide and twice as likely to experience suicidal ideation than the general population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One of the factors contributing to the suicide rate is the high rate of mental health problems experienced by prisoners.<ref>National Study of Psychiatric Morbidity in NZ Prisons, 1999.</ref> The 'Health in Justice' Report conducted in 2010 by the Ministry of Health found 52% of prisoners had a history of psychotic, mood, or anxiety disorders. Twenty percent of those surveyed (about 1,700 prisoners) said they were ‘thinking a lot about suicide’.<ref>Health in Justice, p 3.</ref>

Only limited psychiatric care is available. In its Investigation into Medical and Health Services available to Prisoners, the Ombudsman reported in 2011 that the Corrections Department does not meet Article 22(1) of the United Nations Minimum Standard Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. This article requires every prison to provide psychiatric services to a similar level to that which is available in the community.<ref>Wakem, Beverley; McGee, David (2012). Investigation of the Department of Corrections in relation to the Provision, Access and Availability of Prisoner Health Services. p. 134.</ref> The Ombudsman found prison healthcare to be "reactive rather than proactive" and mental health care available to prisoners to be "inadequate or unsuitable".<ref>Wakem & McGee 2012, p. 140.</ref>

Violence in prisons

In regard to the requirement to provide 'safe and humane' treatment in prisons, there are frequent assaults on inmates and staff. According to Corrections, between 2020 and 2024, prisoners made an average of 23 serious assaults (requiring medical intervention) on staff each year and an average of 38 serious assaults on other prisoners.<ref>Assaults in prisons, Corrections Department</ref> These figures may not be reliable.<ref>Prison violence and the brutal realities we should care more about, Stuff, 4 December 2022.</ref> Dr Armon Tamatea says there are an average of 9,000 violent incidents a year across 18 prisons, and approximately 130 are serious.<ref>Behind the bars: Prison Violence, Waikato University, October 2021</ref> The COBRA database which is designed to record all incidents in prison, shows that in 2020, there were 898 serious assaults on other prisoners and 276 serious assaults on staff.<ref>Understanding prison violence in Aotearoa New Zealand using machine learning. New Zealand Geographer.September 2023</ref>

Thousands of prisoners request voluntary segregation each year to avoid violence and gang related problems in mainstream prison units, rising from 4% of inmates in 1983 to 35% in 2023.<ref>Gangs in prisons: Call for segregated wings for patched members to counter influence, NZ Herald, 5 March 2025</ref>

On rare occasions, these assaults have led to deaths.

See also

References

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