Devil's club

Devil's club or Devil's walking stick (Oplopanax horridus, Araliaceae; syn. Echinopanax horridus, Fatsia horrida)<ref name= Pojar >Template:Cite book</ref> is a large understory shrub native to the rainforests of the Pacific Northwest, but also disjunct on islands in Lake Superior. It is noted for its large palmate leaves and erect, woody stems covered in noxious and irritating spines. It is also known as Alaskan ginseng and similar names, although it is not a true ginseng. In Tlingit it is known as S’áxt’.

Description

Devil's club generally grows to Template:Convert tall. Some stands located in rainforest gullies or moist, undisturbed areas can reach heights of Template:Convert or more. The spines are found along the upper and lower surfaces of veins of its leaves as well as the stems. The leaves are spirally arranged on the stems, simple, palmately lobed with 5–13 lobes, Template:Convert across. The flowers are produced in dense umbels Template:Convert diameter, each flower small, with five greenish-white petals. The fruit is a small red drupe Template:Convert diameter.<ref name= Pojar/>

The plant is covered with brittle yellow spines that break off easily if the plants are handled or disturbed, and the entire plant has been described as having a "primordial" appearance. The plants are slow growing and take many years to reach seed-bearing maturity; this makes them very sensitive to human impact as they do not reproduce quickly.Template:Citation needed

Devil's club reproduces by forming clonal colonies by means of rhizomes. What can appear to be several different plants may actually have all been one plant originally, with the clones detaching themselves after becoming established by laying down roots.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

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Distribution and habitat

This species usually grows in moist, dense forest habitats, and is most abundant in old-growth conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest.<ref name="Pojar" /> It is found from southcentral Alaska<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> south to Oregon, and eastward to western Alberta and Montana. Disjunct native populations also occur over Template:Convert away in Lake Superior on Isle Royale and Passage Island, Michigan and Porphyry Island and Slate Island, Ontario.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ecology

Bears and other wildlife consume the berries.<ref name="tktimb">Template:Cite book</ref>

Adverse effects

The berry is inedible to humans. Touching the spiny plant may cause irritation.<ref name="tktimb" />

Uses

Traditionally, the charcoal from the stalks is still used to make ceremonial and protective face paints, and among the Ditidaht and neighboring groups, it was equally significant to red ochre as a symbolic link to the spirit world. Indigenous peoples such as the Tlingit and Haida have used the plant as traditional medicine for ailments such as adult-onset diabetes, as well as rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="Turner">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The plant has been used ceremonially by the Tlingit, Tsimshian, and Haida people residing in Southeast Alaska and coastal British Columbia. A piece of Devil's club hung over a doorway is said to ward off evil. The plant is harvested and used in a variety of ways, most commonly as an oral tea in traditional settings, but also poultices and ointments.<ref>Levine, Ketzel Use of devil's club plant central to Tlingit culture National Public Radio Morning Edition, 8/11/2004</ref> Native Americans also dried and pulverized the bark for use as a deodorant<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and used the mashed berries to clean hair.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Because devil's club is related to American ginseng, some people try to market the plant as an 'adaptogen'. The plant has been harvested for this purpose and sold widely as "Alaskan ginseng". Despite some morphological similarities between the araliaceous members Panax ('true' ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus ("Siberian ginseng") and devil's club, the different genera are chemically diverse.Template:Citation needed

Research

An in vitro study showed that extracts of devil's club might inhibit tuberculosis.<ref name="Inui">Template:Cite journal</ref> Another study suggested devil's club may reduce leukemia burden in mice engrafted with murine C1498 acute myeloid leukemia cells.<ref name=McGill>Template:Cite journal</ref>

External links

• Michigan Natural Features Inventory -- Oplopanax horridus
• Edibility of Devil's Club: Visual identification and edible parts of Devil's Club.