Dextrocardia

Dextrocardia (Template:Ety) is a rare congenital condition in which the apex of the heart is located on the right side of the body, rather than the more typical placement towards the left.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There are two main types of dextrocardia: dextrocardia of embryonic arrest (also known as isolated dextrocardia)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and dextrocardia situs inversus. Dextrocardia situs inversus is further divided.

Classification

Dextrocardia of embryonic arrest

In this form of dextrocardia, the heart is simply placed further right in the thorax than is normal. It is commonly associated with severe defects of the heart and related abnormalities including pulmonary hypoplasia.<ref name=AbbottMeakins>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Dextrocardia situs solitus

Dextrocardia refers to a heart positioned in the right side of the chest. Situs solitus describes viscera that are in the normal position, with the stomach on the left side.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Dextrocardia situs inversus

Dextrocardia situs inversus refers to the heart being a mirror image situated on the right side. For all visceral organs to be mirrored, the correct term is dextrocardia situs inversus totalis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="JohnsHopkins">Template:Cite web</ref>

Although statistically people with dextrocardia do not have any medical problems from the disorder, they may be prone to a number of bowel, esophageal, bronchial and cardiovascular disorders (such as double outlet right ventricle, endocardial cushion defect and pulmonary stenosis).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Certain cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders related to dextrocardia can be life-threatening if left unchecked.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Kartagener syndrome may also be present in patients with dextrocardia but this must be in the setting of situs inversus and may include male infertility.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Dextrocardia with situs ambiguus

In contrast to dextrocardia situs inversus which is only rarely associated with congenital heart disease, dextrocardia situs ambiguus is often associated with intracardiac anomalies. Dextrocardia situs ambiguus presents a surgical challenge not per se due to associated cardiac malformation, but because achieving adequate exposure is difficult. Right sided structures such as right atrium, right ventricle and tricuspid valve are oriented posteriorly in dextrocardia situs ambiguus (in contrast to dextrocardia with situs inversus). This presents a challenge to the surgeons operating on the right-sided cardiac structures in a case of dextrocardia situs ambiguus.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Diagnosis

Medical diagnosis of the two forms of congenital dextrocardia can be made by ECG<ref name=AbbottMeakins/> or imaging.

Technical dextrocardia

Technical dextrocardia refers to an ECG reading that has no basis in the patient's anatomy. This apparent presentation is typically caused by the accidental lead placement of the left and right arm electrodes. Usually, this would show as an extreme axis deviation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Management

ECG leads must be placed in reversed positions on a person with dextrocardia. In addition, when defibrillating someone with dextrocardia, the pads should be placed in reverse positions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> That is, instead of upper right and lower left, pads should be placed upper left and lower right.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

When heart transplantation is required in a person with situs inversus, reconstruction of the venous pathways to accommodate a normal donor heart is a major, but not insurmountable, challenge.<ref name="Deuse2009">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Epidemiology

Dextrocardia is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 12,019 pregnancies.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A Japanese study of 1,753 fetal cardiac echocardiograms over five years revealed only two cases.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

External links

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