Dhāraṇā
Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Use Indian English Dhāraṇā (Template:Langx) is the sixth limb of eight elucidated by Patanjali's Ashtanga Yoga or Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is directing and maintaining the mind's attention to a specific location of the body after sense-withdrawal has been attained.
Etymology
Dhāraṇā is translated as "firmness, steadfastness, certainty," as "the act of holding, bearing, wearing, supporting, maintaining, retaining, keeping back (in remembrance), a good memory," and also as "collection or concentration of the mind (joined with the retention of breath)."<ref name="SED">Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Monier Monier-Williams, (c) 1899</ref> This term is related to the verbal Sanskrit roots dha and ana, to hold, carry, maintain, resolve. Dharana is the noun.
Yoga Sutras
Yoga Sutras verse III.1 states deśa-bandhaś cittasya dhāraņā,Template:Sfn meaning:
- deśa: "place"Template:Sfn "location," "spot"
- bandhaś (bandhah): "bound, fixed"Template:Sfn
- cittasya: "of the mind,"Template:Sfn "whose mind,"<ref>Sanskrit Dictionary, cittasya</ref> "senses"<ref>Yoga Philosophy Institute, dharana</ref>
- dhāraņā: "concentration,"Template:Sfn "maintain"<ref name="SED"/>
According to Bryant, in Yoga Sutras verse III.1 Patanjali defines dharana as "concentration is the fixing of the mind in one place,"Template:Sfn maintaining the mind's attention in one fixed place.
Interpretation
In the commentarial tradition, dhāraṇā is interpreted as "holding", "holding steady", "concentration", or "single focus."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Yogabhashya in its commentary on Yoga Sutras verse III.1 mentions focal points like the navel or the heart, while later commentators like Vacaspati Misra and Ramananda Sarasvati refer to the Vishnu Purana, which highlights theistic meditation, particularly visualizing Vishnu's form.Template:Sfn
Practice
The prior limb Pratyahara involves withdrawing the senses from external phenomena. Dhāraṇā builds further upon this by refining it further to ekagrata or ekagra chitta, that is continuous, uninterrupted lucid awareness. The commentarial tradition interprets it as single-pointed concentration and focus, which is in this context cognate with Samatha.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Gregor Maehle defines Dharana as: "The mind thinks about one object and avoids other thoughts; awareness of the object is still interrupted."Template:Sfn The difference between Dhāraṇā, Dhyāna, and Samādhi, which together are called Samyama, is a gradual one of intensity and uninterruptedness.
See also
References
Sources
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