Douglas C-124 Globemaster II

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The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, nicknamed "Old Shaky", is a retired American heavy-lift cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company in Long Beach, California.

The C-124 was the primary heavy-lift transport for United States Air Force (USAF) Military Air Transport Service (MATS) during the 1950s and early 1960s, until the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter entered service. It served in MATS, later Military Airlift Command (MAC), and units of the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard until retired in 1974.

Design and development

Douglas Aircraft developed the C-124 from 1947 to 1949, from a prototype they created from a World War II–design Douglas C-74 Globemaster, and based on lessons learned during the Berlin Airlift. The aircraft was powered by four, large Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major piston engines producing Template:Convert each. The C-124's design featured two, large, clamshell doors and a hydraulically actuated ramp in the nose, as well as a cargo elevator under the aft fuselage. The C-124 was capable of carrying Template:Convert of cargo, and the Template:Convert cargo bay featured two overhead hoists, each capable of lifting Template:Convert. As a cargo hauler, it could carry tanks, guns, trucks, and other heavy equipment, while in its passenger-carrying role, it could carry 200 fully equipped troops on its double decks or 127 litter patients and their nurses. It was the only aircraft of its time capable of transporting fully assembled heavy equipment such as tanks and bulldozers.

The C-124 first flew on 27 November 1949, with the C-124A being delivered from May 1950.<ref>"C-124C." McCord Air Museum. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</ref> The C-124C was next, featuring more powerful engines, and an APS-42 weather radar fitted in a "thimble"-like structure on the nose. Wingtip-mounted combustion heaters were added to heat the cabin, and enable wing and tail surface deicing. The C-124As were later equipped with these improvements.

One C-124C, 52-1069, c/n 43978, was used as a JC-124C, for testing the Template:Convert Pratt & Whitney XT57 (PT5) turboprop, which was installed in the nose.<ref>Francillon 1979, p. 470.</ref><ref name="Connors">Connors 2010, p. 294.</ref>

Operational history

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Nose and front door of a C-124
File:C-124A unloading during Korean War.jpg
An early C-124A during the Korean War

First deliveries of the 448 production aircraft began in May 1950 and continued until 1955. The C-124 was operational during the Korean War, and was also used to assist supply operations for Operation Deep Freeze in Antarctica. They performed heavy-lift cargo operations for the U.S. military worldwide, including flights to Southeast Asia, Africa, and elsewhere. From 1959 to 1961, they transported Thor missiles across the Atlantic to England. The C-124 was also used extensively during the Vietnam War transporting materiel from the U.S. to Vietnam. Until the C-5A became operational, the C-124 and its sister C-133 Cargomaster were the only aircraft available that could transport very large loads.

The USAF's Strategic Air Command (SAC) was the initial operator of the C-124 Globemaster, with 50 in service from 1950 through 1962. Four squadrons operated the type, consisting of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Strategic Support Squadrons. Their primary duty was to transport nuclear weapons between air bases and to provide airlift of SAC personnel and equipment during exercises and overseas deployments.

The Military Air Transport Service (MATS) was the primary operator until January 1966, when the organization was retitled Military Airlift Command (MAC). Within a few years following the formation of MAC, the last remaining examples of the C-124 were transferred to the Air Force Reserve (AFRES) and the Air National Guard (ANG), said transfers being complete by 1970. The first ANG unit to receive the C-124C, the 165th Tactical Airlift Group (now known as the 165th Airlift Wing) of the Georgia Air National Guard, was the last Air Force unit to retire their aircraft (AF serial numbers 52-1066 and 53-0044) in September 1974.<ref>"Douglas C-124 Globemaster II Fact Sheet." Template:Webarchive National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</ref>

Variants

File:YC-124 Globemaster II 1954.jpg
The experimental YC-124B-DL was powered by four Pratt & Whitney YT-34-P-6 turboprops.
YC-124
Prototype rebuilt from a C-74 with a new fuselage and powered by four 3,500 hp R-4360-39 engines, it was later re-engined and redesignated YC-124A.
YC-124A
Prototype YC-124 was re-engined with four 3,800 hp R-4360-35A engines.
C-124A
Douglas Model 1129A was a production version with four 3,500 hp R-4360-20WA engines; 204 were built, with most retrofitted later with nose radar and combustion heaters in wingtip fairings.
YC-124B
Douglas Model 1182E was a turboprop variant of the C-124A with four Pratt & Whitney YT34-P-6 turboprops; originally proposed as a tanker, it was used for trials on the operation of turboprop aircraft; it was originally designated as C-127.<ref>Cox, George, and Kaston, Craig, 2019. American Secret Projects 2: Airlifters 1941–1961. Manchester: Crecy Publishing.</ref>
C-124C
Douglas Model 1317 was the same as a C-124A, but with four 3,800 hp R-4360-63A engines, nose radar, wingtip combustion heaters, and increased fuel capacity; 243 were built.

Operators

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Military Air Transport Service / Military Airlift Command

Accidents and incidents

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  • 20 December 1952: C-124 50-0100 flying out of Moses Lake, Washington (Larson AFB), and taking airmen home to Texas for the holidays as part of "Operation Sleigh Ride" crashed not long after takeoff. In total, 87 airmen were killed.<ref>"Accident description 50-0100." Aviation Safety Network, 24 March 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2011.</ref>
  • 18 June 1953: C-124 51-137 took off from Tachikawa Air Base in Japan. Shortly after takeoff, one of the engines failed, forcing the pilot to make an emergency landing. Due to a loss of airspeed, the pilot lost control and crashed into a melon patch, killing all seven crew and 122 passengers. At the time, it was the worst accident in aviation history.<ref>"Accident description 51-0137."Aviation Safety Network, 24 March 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2011.</ref>
  • 6 April 1956: C-124 52-1078, crashed on takeoff from Travis AFB. Three of the seven crew members died in the crash. The cause of the crash was attributed to the crossing of the elevator control cables by maintenance personnel.
  • 2 April 1957: C-124A 51-5176 crashed on final approach in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut (at the time, in the Northwest Territories), while ferrying supplies for the construction of the DEW Line station. No fatalities occurred, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.<ref>"Accident description 51-5176." Aviation Safety Network, 24 March 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref>
  • 31 August 1957: C-124C 52-1021, operated by the 1st Strategic Squadron<ref group="N">Associated Press article does not give full squadron name, but it is likely that this refers to the 1st Strategic Support Squadron, as this unit operated the C-124 and was based at Biggs AFB.</ref>, crashed during an instrument approach to Biggs Air Force Base in El Paso, Texas, in bad weather after a flight from Hunter AFB near Savannah, Georgia. Five aircrew were killed, and 10 were injured.<ref>Associated Press, "5 Airmen Die in Crash of Globemaster", The Dallas Morning News, Dallas, Texas, Sunday 1 September 1957, page 11.</ref>
  • 4 September 1957, C-124A 51-5173 en route from Larson AFB, Washington, crashed while attempting a landing at Binghamton Airport, Binghamton, New York. The C-124A was delivering 20 tons of equipment for Link Aviation. The crew of nine survived.<ref>Handte, Jerry. "Co-Pilot Tells How Plane Crashed." Binghamton Press, 5 September 1957, p. 1.</ref><ref>"Accident description 51-5173." Aviation Safety Network, 21 October 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2011.</ref>
  • 27 March 1958: C-124C 52-0981 collided in midair with a USAF Fairchild C-119C Flying Boxcar, 49-0195, over farmland near Bridgeport, Texas, killing all 15 on the Globemaster and all three on the Flying Boxcar. The two transports crossed paths over a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) navigational radio beacon during cruise flight under instrument flight rules in low visibility. The C-124 was on a north-north-easterly heading flying at its properly assigned altitude of 7,000 ft (2,100 m); the C-119 was on a southeasterly heading, and the crew had been instructed to fly at 6,000 ft (1,800 m), but their aircraft was not flying at this altitude when the collision occurred.<ref>Gero, David B. "Military Aviation Disasters: Significant Losses Since 1908". Sparkford, Yoevil, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing, 2010, Template:ISBN, p. 78.</ref><ref>Aviation Safety Network database</ref><ref>Aviation Safety Network database</ref>
  • 16 October 1958: C-124C 52-1017 crashed into a Template:Cvt mountain near Cape Hallett Bay, killing seven of the 13 on board. Navigational errors were made during this air-drop mission over Antarctica.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2 January 1964: C-124C 52–0968 of the 24th Air Transport Squadron flying from Wake Island Airfield to Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, was on a flight from Tachikawa Air Force Base near Tokyo, Japan, with 11 tons of cargo; the plane disappeared over the ocean, 1,200 km west of Hawaii. The Globemaster II is last heard from at 0159 hrs. An automatic SOS signal was detected emanating from an aircraft-type radio with a constant carrier frequency of 4728 kHz, issuing an automatically keyed distress message. Eight crew and one passenger were lost in the accident.<ref name=Wake>Ranter, Harro and Fabian I. Lujan. "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-124C Globemaster II 52-0968 Hawaii." Aviation Safety Network, 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</ref>
  • 22 January 1965: C-124 52-1058 crashed into mountains while on approach to Athens Airport. All 10 passengers and crew were killed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 28 July 1968: C-124A 51-5178, flying from Paramaribo-Zanderij to Recife, while on approach to land at Recife, flew into a 1,890-ft-high hill, 50 miles (80 km) away from Recife. All 10 occupants died.<ref>"Accident description 51-5178." Aviation Safety Network, 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2011.</ref>
  • 26 August 1970: C-124 52-1049 crashed on approach to Cold Bay Airport in the Aleutian Islands. All seven on board were killed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 3 May 1972: C-124 52-1055 crashed on approach to Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport; all 11 on board were killed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Surviving aircraft

File:C-124C landing at Travis AFB 1984.JPEG
C-124C 52–1000 made its last landing at Travis Air Force Base, 10 June 1984.
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C-124 at Pima
South Korea

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United States

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Specifications (C-124C Globemaster II)

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See also

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References

Notes

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Citations

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Bibliography

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