Dromichaetes
Dromichaetes (Template:Langx) was king of the Getae on both sides of the lower Danube (present day Romania and Bulgaria) around 300 BC.
Background
The Getae had been federated in the Odrysian kingdom in the 5th century BC.Template:Sfn It is not known how the relations between Getae and Odrysians developed. The Balkan campaigns of Philip II of Macedon between 352 and 340 BC shattered Odrysian authority and the Getae profited from the situation.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn By the second half of the 4th century, the Getae occupied sites on both banks of the lower DanubeTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn and this region flourished as never before.Template:Sfn The new Macedonian conquests, secured with considerable military power, caused consternation in the adjoining territories and thus stimulated the political fusion of the Getic tribes.Template:Sfn
Name
There is no consensus on the etymology of the name Δρομιχαίτης (Dromichaites). It can be a Greek name (δρόμος "run" + χαιτήεις "long-haired"),Template:Sfn a Thracian name,Template:Sfn or a Thracian name formed with Greek elements (Δρομο- and Χαιτο-, -χαιτης).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Other people with this name include:Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
- a Thracian mercenary soldier in Attica around 300 BC;
- a Thracian chief helping Antiochus II Theos (261 – 246 BC) at the siege of Kypsela;
- a general of Mithridates VI Eupator sent with reinforcements in 87 BC to support Archelaus in Athens.
Reign
Not much is known about the reign of Dromichaetes, his court and his kingdom. The most detailed account is provided by two fragments from the history of Diodorus Siculus. But this source must be treated with caution, as the interference of literary motifs lessens its value as historical evidence.Template:Sfn
Helis
According to Diodorus, the main residence of Dromichaetes was named Helis.Template:Sfn Traditionally, Helis and the kingdom of Dromichaetes have been placed beyond the Danube, in the Romanian Plain.Template:Sfn Thus Helis was variously located at Piscul Crăsani on Ialomița River,Template:Sfn at Popeşti on Argeş River,Template:By whom at Zimnicea on the left bank of Danube,Template:By whom or identified with one of the several earth-walled fortifications from the Alexandria-Roşiorii de Vede complex.Template:By whom It was also suggested Helis was located in the Moldavian Plateau in a cluster of fortified settlements dated to between the 6th and the 3rd century BC, where two royal treasures were also found at Cucuteni Băiceni and Stânceşti.Template:Sfn
The Getic tomb at Sveshtari (discovered in 1982) in the western Ludogorie in Bulgaria is also supposed to have been near the location of Helis.Template:Sfn In the vicinity of the mausoleum, the remains of a large ancient city were found along with dozens of Getic mound tombs. The settlement is situated in a natural stronghold, a plateau surrounded like a peninsula by the ravines of Krapinets River.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The outer stone wall, up to 4m thick, follows the edges of the peninsula and defends a territory of about 10 hectares. The inner wall, of similar construction, encloses a roughly quadrilateral area of about 5 hectares.Template:Sfn The fortified territory was relatively densely occupied by dwellings connected by a network of thoroughfares.Template:Sfn Dating finds such as amphorae stamps and coins indicate that this settlement existed between Template:Circa 335 and Template:Circa 250 BC.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The settlement enjoyed economic prosperity and sustained active trade relations with the Greek colonies in the Aegean and the Black Sea region. Imported goods were found in abundance: Attic black-glazed ceramics, amphorae from Thassos, Sinope and Heraclea Pontica and pottery of probably West-Pontic colonial origin.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It was also an important production centre with metalworking, bone and pottery workshops.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The war with Lysimachus
In 313 BC, during the Third War of the Diadochi, the Greek colonies of the western Black Sea shores revolted against Lysimachus, a former general of Alexander the Great, and expelled the military garrisons imposed by him. Lysimachus besieged successively Odessus and Histria and forced them to capitulate. A peace treaty was drawn up in 311, but the siege of Callatis continued until 310 or 309 BC.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn No other action of Lysimachus is known north of Haemus until the clash with Dromichaetes in the 290s BC.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The evidence for the conflict is incomplete and contradictory, although attested by a number of ancient authors.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It was probably provoked by the territorial expansion of Lysimachus and the control of the Greek colonies was perhaps the issue at stake.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The two fragments of Diodorus' history suggest two separate campaigns. During the first the Getae captured Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus, but later set him free hoping to recover the territories lost to Lysimachus. During the second Lysimachus himself was taken prisoner and then released under similar conditions. However Pausanias, mentioning the same two episodes, implies they are parallel versions of one and the same event.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The campaign in which Lysimachus fell captive to the Getae is dated by scholars variously between 294 and 291 BC.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Lysimachus invaded with significant forces and his offensive enjoyed some early success before ending in disaster.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn According to Polyaenus, Seuthes, a general of Dromichaetes, presented himself as a deserter, deceived Lysimachus and led him into difficult terrain. Attacked by Dromichaetes, the army of Lysimachus was defeated and the king had to surrender.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Diodorus gives our only account of the captivity and subsequent release of Lysimachus. Dromichaetes succeeded in persuading the assembly of his compatriots that the release of the enemy king would bring them greater political advantage than his punishment. Dromichaetes also set out a feast to demonstrate the barbarian ways and the poverty of his people, using different furniture, tableware and food.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He then asked Lysimachus:
Dromichaetes crowned Lysimachus with a wreath and then set him free, after receiving promises of loyalty and friendship and the return of the Getic territories occupied by Lysimachus.Template:Sfn As precaution, the Getae held some high-born hostages like Clearchus, the son of the tyrant Dionysius of Heraclea.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Lysimachus also had to give his daughter in marriage to Dromichaetes.Template:Sfn
Death and burial
The great tomb in Ginina mound near Sveshtari is among the most prominent Thracian tombs with its unique architecture and luxurious decoration. It is dated approximately to the early 3rd century BC. A painted scene, interpreted as either one of heroization or investiture, points to its probable royal character.Template:Sfn The man and the woman buried here were tentatively identified with Dromichaetes and his consort. The unfinished details of its sculptured and painted decoration indicate a hasty and premature burial. The woman was probably murdered to accompany her royal husband in the grave.Template:Sfn
The Roman historian Justin mentions a large army of Celts defeating both Triballi and Getae before attacking Antigonus Gonatas in 279 BC. Based on this account, Peter Delev argued that Dromichaetes could have fallen in battle against these Celts.Template:Sfn
Legacy
Classical world
The captivity of Lysimachus was echoed in the Classical Greek literature as a moralizing story about the punishment of pride and the virtues of barbarians.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Diodorus' story of Dromichaetes' banquet for his royal prisoner is probably a literary device, contrasting Macedonian opulence with Thracian frugality.Template:Sfn
Modern world
Dromichaetes is the king of Dacians and the main character in Muntele ("The Mountain"), a play written in 1977 by Dumitru Radu PopescuTemplate:Sfn and a political fable. The identity between the ruler and its people alludes to Ceauşescu's cult of personality.Template:Sfn
Helis Nunatak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the Getic Helis.
See also
Notes
References
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