Dvaravati

File:Proposed locations of ancient kingdoms in lower Mekong Valley in the 7th century.png

Proposed locations of ancient polities in the Menam and Mekong Valleys in the 7th century based on the details provided in the Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui, and others.

File:Proposed location of Yamanadvipa.png

Six ancient kingdoms in Mainland Southeast Asia in the late 7th century mentioned by Xuanzang.

File:Large-5d6e38b2567c4.jpg

Thailand (now), Ku Bua, (Dvaravati Mon culture), 650-700 C.E.. Three musicians in right are playing (from center) a 5-stringed lute, cymbals, a tube zither or bar zither with a gourd resonator.

DvaravatiTemplate:Efn was a group of medieval Mon political principalities from the 6th century to the 11th century, located in the region now known as central Thailand,<ref name="connor">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="view">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp and was speculated to be a succeeding state of Lang-chia or Lang-ya-hsiu (Template:Lang).<ref name="briggs" />Template:Rp It was described by Chinese pilgrims in the middle of the 7th century as a Buddhist kingdom named To-lo-po-ti situated to the west of Isanapura (Cambodia), east of Sri Ksetra (Burma),<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp and adjoined Pan Pan to the South.<ref name=briggs/>Template:Rp Its northern border met Jiā Luó Shě Fú (Template:Lang), which is identified with Canasapura in modern northeast Thailand.<ref name=matiweek>Template:Cite web</ref> Dvaravati sent the first embassy to the Chinese court around 605–616,<ref name=briggs>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp and then in 756.<ref name=chen>Template:Cite web Text: Template:Lang</ref>

Dvaravati also refers to a culture, an art style, and a disparate conglomeration of principalities of Mon people.<ref name=Murphy-2016/> The Mon migrants as maritime traders might have brought the Dvaravati Civilization to the Menam Valley around 500 BCE,<ref name=ketkong>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp which continued to the presence of a "Proto-Dvaravati" period that spans the 4th to 5th centuries, with the existence of the principalities of Chin Lin to the western plain and Tou Yuan to the east, and perhaps earlier.<ref name=Murphy-2016>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The center of the early Davaravati was speculated to be Ayojjhapura (present-day Si Thep)<ref name=mati/> or Nakhon Pathom<ref name=b2555/>Template:Rp or Avadhyapura (Template:Ill).<ref name=lo/> Still, the power was shifted to Lavo's Lavapura after the annexation of Tou Yuan in 647; some scholars say this transition happened around the 10th and 11th centuries following the fall of Si Thep.<ref name=mati/> However, some argue that Lavapura was potentially a separate kingdom known as the Lavo Kingdom, as mentioned in several historical records, but came under the sphere of Dvaravati influence.<ref name=b2555/>Template:Rp

The rise of the Angkor in the lower Mekong basin around the 11th–13th centuries,<ref>Srisakara Vallipotama, "ละโว้ / Lavo" [Thai with English summary], Warasan Muang Boran – วารสารเมืองโบราณ (Muang Boran/Archaeology Journal) vol.1, no.3, April-June 1975, pp.42-65, 116.</ref> the conquest of Menam Valley and the upper Malay peninsula by Tambralinga's king Sujita who also seized Lavo in the mid-10th century,<ref name=briggs/>Template:Rp<ref name=fineart/>Template:Rp the 9-year civil wars in the Angkor in the early 11th century, which led to the devastation of Lavo,<ref name=aban>Template:Cite web</ref> as well as the Pagan invasion of Menam Valley around the mid-10th century.<ref name=fineart/>Template:Rp<ref name=warunee>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp All of these potentially are the causes of the fall of the Dvaravati civilization.<ref name=briggs/>Template:Rp<ref name=fineart>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Jean Boisselier suggests that after losing influence over the eastern valleys at Lavo to the Angkor in the 10th–11th centuries, Dvaravati kingdoms in the western plain continued until the early 12th century and then probably fell under or influencedTemplate:Efn by Angkor for a short period during the reign of Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218).<ref name=b2555/>Template:Rp After that, the region entered the Xiān era with the emergence of Suphannabhum, Phrip Phri, and Ayodhya, who later regained influence over Lavo in the 14th century.

History

The culture of Dvaravati was based around moated cities, the earliest of which appears to be U Thong in what is now Suphan Buri Province. Other key sites include Nakhon Pathom, Phong Tuk, Si Thep, Khu Bua and Si Mahosot, amongst others.<ref name="Murphy-2016" /> The term Dvaravati derives from coins which were inscribed in Sanskrit śrī dvāravatī. The Sanskrit word dvāravatī literally means "that which has gates".<ref name=Higham>Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., Template:ISBN</ref>Template:Rp According to the inscription N.Th. 21 found in 2019 in Wat Phra Ngam in Nakhon Pathom, dated the 6th century, three regional cities were mentioned, including Śrīyānaṁdimiriṅga or Śrīyānaṁdimiriṅgapratipura, then Hastināpurī and Dvāravatī, which made Nakhon Pathom where the fractions was discovered probably the center of Dvāravatī.<ref name=dominic>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp

The traditional chronology of Dvaravati is mainly based on the Chinese textual account and stylistic comparison by art historians. However, the results from excavations in Chan Sen and Tha Muang mound at U-Thong raise questions about the traditional dating. Newly dated typical Dvaravati cultural items from the site of U-Thong indicate that the starting point of the tradition of Dvaravati culture possibly dates as far back as 200 CE.<ref>Glover, I. (2011). The Dvaravati Gap-Linking Prehistory and History in Early Thailand. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 79-86.</ref><ref name="Murphy-2016" /> Archaeological, art historical, and epigraphic (inscriptions) evidence all indicate, however, that the main period of Dvaravati spanned the seventh to ninth centuries.<ref name="Murphy-2016" /> Dvaravati culture and influence also spread into Isan and parts of lowland Laos from the sixth century onward. Key sites include Mueang Fa Daet in Kalasin Province, Template:Ill in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, and many others.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the book of I Ching or Yijing, dating to the late 7th century, and the 629–645 journey of a Chinese monk, Xuanzang, placed Dvaravati to the east of Kamalanka or Lang-ya-hsiu and west of Isanapura, if Kamalanka was centered at the ancient Nakhon Pathom as several scholars cited, thus, Dvaravati must be moved to the eastern side of the central plain.<ref name=kama>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp This conforms with the location provided in the largest Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui, compiled in 1005, says that Dvaravati was to the west of Chenla and the east of the Ge Luo She Fen Kingdom (Template:Lang), which was proposed to be centered at the ancient Nakhon Pathom, same as Kamalanka, by Thai historian Piriya Krairiksh, who also identified this kingdom as the Gē Luó Kingdom (Template:Lang) in the New Book of Tang,<ref name=pathom>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp that also says Dvaravati met the sea (Bay of Bangkok) to the west, adjoin Chenla to the east, and encounter Canasapura to the north.<ref name=earlydv>Template:Cite web</ref> However, according to archaeological evidence found in the western Menam Valley, several scholars suggest Nakhon Pathom was potentially the center of the Dvaravati Kingdoms.<ref name=b2555/>Template:Rp

Chinese historian, Chen Jiarong (Template:Lang), claims that the Zhū Jiāng Kingdom in the Cefu Yuangui and Book of Sui was Dvaravati principality,<ref name=hk>Template:Cite web</ref> but some scholar placed Zhū Jiāng in the Mun Basin in the Phayakkhaphum Phisai–Nadun–Kaset Wisai cluster to the north of Chenla with the supra-regional center at Champasri.<ref name=briggs2/>Template:Rp Zhū Jiāng and Cān Bàn Kingdom established relations with Zhenla via royal intermarriage after the annexation of Funan in 627.<ref name=web>Template:Cite web</ref> Subsequently, they wage wars against Tou Yuan to the northwest. Tou Yuan was the Lavo's predecessor that became Dvaravati vassal in 647.<ref name=goble/>Template:Rp<ref name=ja/> Several kingdoms were involved in the conflicts between Dvaravati and Chenla, including the three brother states of Qiān Zhī Fú, Xiū Luó Fēn, and Gān Bì, who collectively fielded over 50,000 elite soldiers, by aligning with the faction that offered the greatest advantage.<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp Certain battles may have been associated with the wars between Lavo and its northern sister Monic kingdom, Haripuñjaya, occurring in the early 10th century,<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp which also weakened Dvaravati Kamalanka.<ref name=fineart/>Template:Rp

A mixed Sanskrit–Khmer inscription dated 937 documents a line of princes of Canasapura, one of the Dvaravati polities, started by a Bhagadatta and ended by a Sundaravarman and his sons Narapatisimhavarman and Mangalavarman.<ref name=":0" />Template:RP Further east, the Chinese Tang Huiyao mentions the kingdom of Keoi Lau Mì of the Kuy people<ref name=isan>Template:Cite journal</ref> was also influenced by Dvaravati.<ref name=p61>新唐书 [New Book of Tang] (in Chinese)</ref> In the early 10th century, several Dvaravati polities in the Menam Valley, which were weakened by decade-long wars between two Mon kingdoms, Hariphunchai and Lavo, fell to the invasion by Tambralinga, then by the Chola and Pagan in the late 10th century. Later, Dvaravati polities began to come under constant attacks and aggression of the Khmer Empire, and central Southeast Asia was ultimately invaded by King Suryavarman II in the first half of the 12th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hariphunchai survived its southern progenitors until the late 13th century, when it was incorporated into Lan Na.<ref>David K. Wyatt and Aroonrut Wichienkeeo. The Chiang Mai Chronicle, p.33</ref>

During the decline period of Dvaravati, its succeeded polity,<ref name=mati2>Template:Cite web</ref> mentioned as Xiān (Template:Lang) by several Chinese and Đại Việt sources, was formed in the lower Menam Basin around the 11th century.<ref name=chris>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp This new polity evolved into the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1351.<ref name=silp>Template:Cite web</ref> Its capital's full name also referred to Dvaravati as the former capital; Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya (Template:Lang).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> All former Dvaravati principalities, including Lavo, Suphannabhum, and the northern cities of the Sukhothai Kingdom, were later incorporated into the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1388, 1424, and 1438, respectively.<ref name=jour>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp

According to the Burmese Inscription of Hsinbyushin of Ava A.D. 1768 (Serial No. 1128),<ref name="DC1921">Duroiselle, Charles; Archaeological Survey of Burma (1921). A List of Inscriptions found in Burma, Part I: The list of inscription arranged in the order of their dates. Rangoon: Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma. p. 175. Template:OCLC</ref> which was found on a bronze gun at Shwezigon Pagoda, and acquired by the Burmese in 1767, the Burmese continued to refer to Ayutthaya as Dvaravati<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> by describing the "conquest of Dvāravati (Siam)"<ref name="DC1921"/> even after its fall to a Burmese invasion during the Pagan Kingdom. Several genetic studies published in the 2020s also founded the relations between the Mon people and Siamese people (Central Thai people) who were the descendants of the Ayutthaya.<ref name=genetic>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=genetic3>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Laotian Template:Ill also refers to Ayodhya before the traditional formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom as Dvaravati and Sri Ayodhiya Dvaravati Nakhon (Template:Lang).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Government

Little is known about the administration of Dvaravati. It might simply have been a loose gathering of chiefdoms rather than a centralised state, expanding from the coastal area of the upper peninsula to the riverine region of Chao Phraya River. Hinduism and Buddhism were significant. There are 107 Dvaravati cities in Thailand, most of which are in the central plain.<ref name=punt>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp The three largest settlements appear to have been at Nakhon Pathom, Suphanburi, and Phraek Si Racha, with additional centers at U Thong, Chansen, Khu Bua, Pong Tuk, Mueang Phra Rot, Lopburi, Template:Ill, Kamphaeng Saen, Dong Lakhon, U-Taphao, Ban Khu Mueang, and Si Thep.<ref name=Higham/>Template:Rp

According to the Chinese records during the Tang dynasty, Dvaravati is divided into three regions; possibly Kamalanka at Nakhon Pathom which has been identified as the center of Dvaravati culture, former Chin Lin at Mueang Uthong, and the last one at Template:Ill of Avadhyapura. Many government officials, such as military generals and civil servants, administer the national affairs.<ref name=nitta>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp Dvaravati has two vassal kingdoms, including Tou Yuan (陀垣) the Lavo predecessor, and an island kingdom Tanling (曇陵),<ref name=goble/>Template:Rp<ref name=ja>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp whose exact location remains unknown; it was potentially located on some island or small peninsula in the swamp area of the early historic Bay of Bangkok.<ref name=goble>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp

A study on Dvaravati settlement patterns before the 14th century in the upper Chi-Mun basins suggests that Dvaravati might have been made up of several kingdoms linked by trade networks and centered at supra-regional level settlements, such as Dong Mueang Aem, Phimai, Mueang Fa Daet Song Yang, Template:Ill, Non Mueang, and Si Thep;<ref name=stu>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp similar to in the Menam Valley.<ref name=karen>Template:Cite journal</ref> A 2015 study of the pre-600 CE circular moated settlements in the Mun Valleys found that the sites were concentrated into five groups; the westernmost and smallest group with a total of four settlements is the Template:Ill circle. To the east is the Phimai cluster which has a larger number of settlements than the other groups. Next is the group of Phayakkhaphum Phisai–Nadun–Kaset Wisai on the northern Mun watershed with the well known site at Champasri, which has been identified as the Zhū Jiāng Kingdom or later Zhān Bó. To the south is the Buriram–Surin group, which has almost the same size in terms of number of settlements and predicted mean size as the third group. The last cluster is the easternmost on the adjoined watershed of the Mun–Chi Rivers, with the most concentrated area in Suwannaphum, Phon Sai, and Nong Hi of Roi Et province.<ref name=dou>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp

The following shows the polities under Dvaravati culture in the Menam and the Chi-Mun Valleys during the first millennium.

Dvaravati Kingdoms and others in the lower Menam and upper Mun–Chi Valleys during first millennium<ref name=stu/>Template:Rp<ref name=karen/>Template:Rp<ref name=dou/>

File:Dvaravati Kingdoms in the first millennium.png	Seat/Cluster	Level	Template:Tooltip	Identified as
	colspan=4 Template:N/a
	Nakhon Pathom	Supra-regional center	8	Kamalanka (Sambuka; 6th-c. Dvaravati)
	Si Thep	Supra-regional center		Qiān Zhī Fú<ref name=lo>Template:Cite book</ref>
	Suphanburi	Regional center	9	She Ba Ruo (Template:Lang)<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp aka. Santanaha?
	Uthong	District center		Chin Lin (Proto-Dvaravati)
	Phraek Si Racha	Regional center	12Template:Efn/30Template:Efn	Duō MièTemplate:Efn (Proto-Dvaravati)/Xiū Luó Fēn?
	Lopburi	District center	14	Tou Yuan (Proto-Dvaravati)<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp/Lavo
	Template:Ill	District center	7	Avadhyapura (6th-c. Dvaravati<ref name=lo/>)
	Khao Laem, Uthai Thani	Sub-district center	6	Bō Cì? (Proto-Dvaravati)
	Tha Tako, Nakhon Sawan	Sub-district center	8	Part of Qiān Zhī Fú?<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp
	Utapao, Saraburi	Sub-district center	4	Part of Lavo
	Chaliang	Sub-district center	4	Mueang Chaliang
	Yommarad	Sub-district center	3	Part of Qiān Zhī Fú?<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp
	Template:Ill/Khlong Mueang	Sub-district center	3	KosambiTemplate:Efn/Gān Bì?
	Lom Sak–Lom Kao			Cān Bàn
	colspan=4 Template:N/a
	Dong Mueang Aem	Supra-regional center		Unknown
	Phimai	Supra-regional center	103	Mahidharapura (Vimayapura)
	Phon			Pó Àn (Template:Lang)<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp
Dvaravati kingdoms in the Menam Valley.	Template:Ill	Regional center	4	Canasapura (8th-c. Dvaravati)
File:Dvaravati polities in the upper Chi River Basin.png	Champasri	Regional center	69	Zhū Jiāng?,<ref name=briggs2/>Template:Rp or Zhān Bó/<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp Yamanadvipa, Vassal of Wen Dan<ref name=Hoshino>Template:Cite book</ref> or Bhavapura<ref name=briggs2/>Template:Rp
	Phayakkhaphum Phisai– Nadun–Kaset Wisai
	Fa Daet Song Yang	District center		Wen Dan<ref name=Hoshino/> or Bhavapura<ref name=briggs2/>Template:Rp
	Kantharawichai	District center
	Non Mueang	Sub-district center	10	Part of Bhavapura?<ref name=briggs2>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp or Wen Dan?
	Buriram–Surin		57	Part of Vimayapura?/Mahidharapura?
	Suwannaphum–Nong Hi		39	Part of Bhavapura?<ref name=briggs2/>Template:Rp
Dvaravati polities in the upper Chi River Basin	Songkhram–Mekhong Basins
File:Clusters of the 7th century moated settlements in the Mun River Basin of Thailand.svg	Nakhon Phanom/Thakhek			Template:Ill of the Tang,<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp Na Lao<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp/Later Template:Ill
	Sakon Nakhon			Template:Ill of the Tang,<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp Later Mahidharapura?
	Template:Ill/Vientiane			Dàomíng, Dōu Hē Lú (Template:Lang)?<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp
	Savannakhet–Mukdahan			Gān Bì? (Template:Lang)<ref name=lo/>Template:Rp
	Dvaravati-influenced kingdoms with uncertain identification
	Template:Hlist
Clusters of 7th-c. moated sites in Mun Valley	Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend

Rulers

The excavation in several sites found silver coins dated the 7th century that mentioned the king and queen of the kingdom written in Sanskrit with Pallava script: śrīdvaravatīsvarapunya (King Sridvaravati, who has great merit) and śrīdvaravatīsvaradevīpuṇya (the goddess of the meritorious King Dvaravati).<ref name=coin>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, the copper plate dating from the 6th–mid 7th centuries found at U Thong also mentions King Harshavarman (หรรษวรมัน), who was assumed by Jean Boisselier to be one of the kings of Dvaravati, while George Cœdès considered the plate was brought from the Khmer Empire, and the name mentioned might be the Khmer king as well.<ref name=plate>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the periods seem unrelated since King Harshavarman I of Khmer reigned from 910–923, 200 years later than the age of the inscription,<ref name=HistoricalReview>"Book Review: Voices from S-21" Template:Webarchive. The American Historical Review (October 2002).</ref><ref>SBS French program. Special Broadcasting Service (December 10, 2007).</ref> and Harshavarman I's grandfather was Indravarman I,<ref>Bhattacharya, Kamaleswar (2009). A Selection of Sanskrit Inscriptions from Cambodia. In collaboration with Karl-Heinz Golzio. Center for Khmer Studies.</ref><ref>Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture by Upendra Thakur. Page 37.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> not Isanavarman as the inscription mentioned.<ref name=plate/>

Moreover, the inscription found in Ban Wang Pai, Phetchabun province (K. 978), dated 550 CE, also mentions the enthronement of the Dvaravati ruler, who was also a son of Prathivindravarman, father of Bhavavarman I of Chenla, which shows the royal lineage relation between Dvaravati and Chenla. However, the name of such a king was missing.<ref name=wangpai>Template:Cite web</ref> The other king was mentioned in the Nern Phra Ngam inscription, found in Nakhon Pathom province, dated mid 5th – mid 6th centuries CE but the name was missing as well.<ref name=npru/>

However, some research suggests Bhavavarman mentioned in the Ban Wang Pai inscription of Si Thep may not be Bhavavarman I of Chenla due to different inscription styles.<ref name=jit>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp

The following chart shows the dynastic relation between Dvaravati polities and other kingdoms in the Chao Phraya–Mekong Valleys Template:Chart top Template:Tree chart/start

Template:Legend		Template:Legend		Template:Legend		Template:Legend
Template:Legend		Template:Legend		Template:Legend		Template:Legend

Chin Lin

Ruler	Reign	Note
colspan=5 Template:N/a
Isanavarman<ref name=plate/>	Template:Nowrap
Unknown<ref name=plate>Template:Cite web</ref>	5th–6th c.	Son of the previous
Harshavarman<ref name=plate/>	mid-6th c.	Son of the previous.
colspan=3 Template:N/a
Maratha?<ref name=walailak>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=fin>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp	Template:Nowrap

Kamalanka

Name		Reign	Note
English	Thai
Tona Brahmin<ref name=book/>Template:Rp	โทณพราหมณ์	?–569
Kakabhadra/Sakata/Sakkorndam<ref name=pathom/>Template:Rp	กากะพัตร/สกตา/สักกรดำ	569–641	As king of Takkasila (Nakhon Pathom). Chula Sakarat setter. Royal intermarriage with either Chenla or Qiān Zhī Fú at Si Thep established. Political overlap with Siddhijaya Brahmadeva
Siddhijaya Brahmadeva	สิทธิไชยพรหมเทพ	590–616?	From Manohan or Manohana (equated with Ayojjhapura in the Jinakalamali<ref name=book/>Template:Rp) Founded Nakhon Chaisi (Nakhon Pathom) and set it as his new seat.<ref name=pathom/>Template:Rp Political overlap with Kakabhadra
Pu xie qi yao<ref name=b2555>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp (Siddhijaya?)			As king of Tuo-he-luo (Dvaravati)
Kalavarnadisharaja	กาฬวรรณดิศ/ กาวัณดิศราช	641–648	Later King of Lavo (r. 648–700)
Anuruddha<ref name=book/>Template:Rp	อนุรุธ	648–?	As king of Arimadhanaburi (อริมัทนบุรี) Dvaravati sent tribute to China in 649.<ref name=b2555/>Template:Rp
Cakranarayana	จักรนารายณ์	?–687	Younger brother of the previous? Based on a local fable.
Shridravya<ref name=miang>Template:Cite web</ref>	ศรีทรัพย์		Based on a local fable. Son of Anuruddha? Married a princess of either Chenla or Qiān Zhī Fú.
Qi-zhang-mo<ref name=b2555/>Template:Rp			As king of Tuo-he-luo<ref name=b2555/>Template:Rp
Sai Thong Som<ref name=book>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp	ใสทองสม	687–?	Grandson of Kalavarnadisharaja. Younger son of Balidhiraja (Template:Lang), the king of Sukhothai
Pú jiā yuè mó		late 8th-c.–early 9th-c.	As king of Gē Luó Shě Fēn
Sikaraj<ref name=pathom/>Template:Rp	สิการาช	early 9th-c.–807	Based on legends.
Phraya Kong<ref name=pathom/>Template:Rp	พระยากง	807–867	Son of the previous. Based on legends.
Phraya Pan<ref name=pathom/>Template:Rp	พระยาพาน	867–913<ref name=ch>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp	Later King of Haripuñjaya (r. 899, 913–916)
King of Ratchaburi (unknown regnal title)<ref name=north>Northern Chronicle</ref>Template:Rp		913–927?	Usurper. Adoptive father of the previous.
colspan=5 Template:N/a

Qiān Zhī Fú

Name		Reign	Title	Note	Source(s)
Romanized	Thai
Chakravantin	จักรวรรติน	Unknown	King of Si Thep (Ayojjhapura)	Father of Prathivindravarman	Wang Pai Inscription (K.978)<ref name=wangpai/>
Prathivindravarman	ปฤถิวีนทรวรมัน	?–550		Father of Bhavavarman I of Chenla?
Unknown or BhavavarmanTemplate:Efn		Template:Nowrap–550		Son of Prathivindravarman
UnknownTemplate:Efn		550–?
Ramaraj	รามราช	c. 662	King of Ramburi (Ayojjhapura?/ Mawlamyine?/ Lavo?)	Spouse of Haripuñjaya's queen Camadevi	Jinakalamali<ref name=ram/>
Rajadhiraj	ราชาธิราช	mid to late 7th-c.	King of Ayojjhapura		Jinakalamali<ref name=mati/><ref name=jin>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp
Manohanaraj	มโนหารราช	late 7th-c.		Son of the previous
Unknown		late 7th-c. to 8th c.			Jinakalamali<ref name=jin/>Template:Rp
Pra Poat honne Sourittep pennaratui sonanne bopitraTemplate:Efn?		Template:Tooltip 756/57?	King of Tchai pappe Mahanacon (new dynasty)	Buddhism replaced Vaishnavism	Du Royaume de Siam
Pú jiā yuè mó		early 9th-c.?	King of Gē Luó Shě Fēn	Potentially a dual monarchy of Kamalanka and Qiān Zhī Fú	Cefu Yuangui, New Book of Tang
Adītaraj	อาทิตยราช	early–9th-c.–859	King of Ayojjhapura	Adversary of Yasodharapura	Template:Ill<ref name=rat>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp
Bhagadatta	ภคทัตต์	859–early 10th-c.	Kings of Canasapura	new dynasty	Śri Canāśa Inscription K.949<ref name=sric2>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sri Sundaraprakrama	ศรีสุนทรปรากรม	early 10th-c.		Son of the previous
Sri Sundararavarman	ศรีสุนทรวรมัน	?–937		Son of the previous
Narapatisimhavarman	ศรีนรปติสิงหวรมัน	937–970		At Si Thep seat. Son of the previous
Mangalavarman	มงคลวรมัน	10th century		At Muang Sema seat. Younger brother of the previous.
colspan=10 Template:N/a
Vap Upendra	วาป อุเปนทร	949-960s	Governor of Rāmaññadesa	Relative of Rajendravarman II of Ankor	Rajendravarman II Inscription<ref name=npru>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp
Ipoia Sanne Thora Thesma TeperatTemplate:Efn?		Template:Tooltip 970s?	King of Tchai pappe Mahanacon		Du Royaume de Siam
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Lavo

Name		Reign	Notes
English	Thai
Chá-shīlì Pó-mò-pó-nà Template:Lang		c. 644	As king of Tou Yuan
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Kalavarnadisharaja	กาฬวรรดิษฐ์	648–700	Founder. Son of Takkasila's king, Kakapat.
Balipatijaya<ref name=book/>Template:RpTemplate:Efn	ภาลีบดีชัย	700–?	Grandson of the previous. Son of Balidhiraja (พาลีธิราช), king of Sukhothai
colspan=2 Template:N/a	8th century–861	Golden period of Qiān or Gē Luó Shě Fēn at Si Thep to the north, who conquered the lower valley from the 8th to 9th centuries.
Vasudeva<ref name=ori>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp	วาสุเทพ	861–?	Tai Yuan monarch from the north.
Uchitthaka Chakkawat	อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ	?–927	Later became King of Haripuñjaya
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Sujita<ref name=lem>Template:Cite web</ref>	สุชิตราช	927–930	Also King of Tambralinga. As a tributary state of Tambralinga.
Kampoch<ref name=lem/>	กัมโพช	930–946?	Son of the previous. As a tributary state of Tambralinga.<ref name=week>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=week2>Template:Cite web</ref>
colspan=2 Template:N/a	946–948
Vap Upendra?	วาป อุเปนทร	949–960s?	As the governor of Rāmaññadesa, appointed by Rajendravarman II.<ref name=npru>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp
Narapativiravarman?		960s?–980s?	As the governor.
Ipoia Sanne Thora Thesma Teperat		980s	As king of Yassouttora Nacoora Louang/Tasoo Nacora Louang (from Qiān Zhī Fú)
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Lakshmipativarman<ref name=monwar/>	ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน	1006–?	As the governor, appointed by Suryavarman I<ref name=monwar>Template:Cite web</ref>
Laparaja<ref name=yonok/>Template:Rp	ลพราช		Period of constant wars against Haripuñjaya.
Unknown<ref name=yonok>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp		?–1052?	Son of the previous.
Chandrachota	จันทรโชติ	1052–1069	Prince of Suphannabhum who fled to Haripuñjaya after Suphannabhum was seized by Tambralinga in the 920s.

Art

Template:Main Dvaravati itself was heavily influenced by Indian culture, and played an important role in introducing Buddhism and particularly Buddhist art to the region. Stucco motifs on the religious monuments include garudas, makaras, and Nāgas. Additionally, groups of musicians have been portrayed with their instruments, prisoners, females with their attendants, soldiers indicative of social life. Votive tablets have also been found, also moulds for tin amulets, pottery, terracotta trays, and a bronze chandelier, earrings, bells and cymbals.<ref name=Higham/>Template:Rp

Further reading

• Robert L. Brown, The Dvaravati Wheels of the Law and the Indianization of South East Asia. Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology, Vol. 18, Fontein, Jan, ed. Leiden and New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.
• Elizabeth Lyons, "Dvaravati, a Consideration of its Formative Period", R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.), Early South East Asia: Essays in Archaeology, History and Historical Geography, Oxford University Press, New York, 1979, pp. 352–359.
• Dhida Saraya, (Sri) Dvaravati: the Initial Phase of Siam's History, Bangkok, Muang Boran, 1999, Template:ISBN
• Swearer, Donald K. and Sommai Premchit. The Legend of Queen Cama: Bodhiramsi's Camadevivamsa, a Translation and Commentary. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998. Template:ISBN
• สุรพล ดำริห์กุล, ประวัติศาสตร์และศิลปะหริภุญไชย, กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์เมืองโบราณ, 2004, Template:ISBN.
• Pierre Dupont, The Archaeology of the Mons of Dvāravatī, translated from the French with updates and additional appendices, figures and plans by Joyanto K.Sen, Bangkok, White Lotus Press, 2006.
• Jean Boisselier, "Ū-Thòng et son importance pour l'histoire de Thaïlande [et] Nouvelles données sur l'histoire ancienne de Thaïlande", Bōrānwitthayā rư̄ang MỮang ʻŪ Thō̜ng, Bangkok, Krom Sinlapakon, 2509 [1966], pp. 161–176.
• Peter Skilling, "Dvaravati: Recent Revelations and Research", Dedications to Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana Krom Luang Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra on her 80th birthday, Bangkok, The Siam Society, 2003, pp. 87–112.
• Natasha Eilenberg, M.C. Subhadradis Diskul, Robert L. Brown (editors), Living a Life in Accord with Dhamma: Papers in Honor of Professor Jean Boisselier on his Eightieth Birthday, Bangkok, Silpakorn University, 1997.
• C. Landes, "Pièce de l’époque romaine trouvé à U-Thong, Thaïlande", The Silpakorn Journal, vol.26, no.1, 1982, pp. 113–115.
• John Guy, Lost Kingdoms: Hindu Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast, New York and Bangkok, Metropolitan Museum of Art and River Books, 2014, p. 32.
• Wārunī ʻŌsathārom. Mư̄ang Suphan bon sēnthāng kan̄plīanplǣng thāng prawattisāt Phutthasattawat thī 8 – ton Phutthasattawat thī 25 (History, development, and geography of the ancient city of Suphan Buri Province, Central Thailand, 8th–25th B.E.), Samnakphim Mahāwitthayālai Thammasāt, Krung Thēp, 2547.
• Template:Cite web