East Harlem

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East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem, or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City, north of the Upper East Side and bounded by 96th Street to the south, Fifth Avenue to the west, and the East and Harlem Rivers to the east and north.<ref name=enc-nyc/><ref name=hot/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Despite its name, it is generally not considered to be a part of Harlem proper, but it is one of the neighborhoods included in Greater Harlem.<ref>Gurock, Jeffrey S., et al. "Harlem" in Template:Cite enc-nyc2, p. 573.</ref>

The neighborhood has one of the largest Hispanic communities in New York City, mostly Puerto Ricans, as well as Dominicans, Cubans, and Mexicans. The community is notable for its contributions to Latin freestyle and salsa music. East Harlem also includes the remnants of a once predominant Italian community, or Italian Harlem. The Chinese population has increased dramatically in East Harlem since 2000.<ref name="Mays 2011"/><ref name="Barron 2013"/><ref name="APA 2012"/>

East Harlem has historically suffered from many social issues, such as a high crime rate, the highest jobless rate in New York City, teenage pregnancy, AIDS, drug abuse, homelessness, and an asthma rate five times the national average.<ref name="nyc.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has the second-highest concentration of public housing in the United States, behind Brownsville, Brooklyn.<ref name="Mays 2011 2"/> East Harlem is undergoing some gentrification, and in 2016 the city considered rezoning the area.

East Harlem is part of Manhattan Community District 11, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10029 and 10035.<ref name="NYCPlanning"/> It is patrolled by the 23rd and 25th Precincts of the New York City Police Department.<ref name="NYPD 25th Precinct"/><ref name="NYPD 23rd Precinct"/>

History

Template:See also

File:Sonder (45299154181).jpg
Looking north over East Harlem between Third and Lexington Avenues

Early history

The area that became East Harlem was rural for most of the 19th century, but residential settlements northeast of Third Avenue and East 110th Street had developed by the 1860s.<ref name=enc-nyc/> The construction of the elevated transit line to Harlem in 1879 and 1880, and the building of the Lexington Avenue subway in 1919,<ref name=enc-nyc /> urbanized the area, precipitating the construction of apartment buildings and brownstones. The extension of cable cars up Lexington Avenue into East Harlem was stymied by the incline created by Duffy's Hill at 103rd Street, one of the steepest grades in Manhattan. East Harlem was first populated by poor German, Irish, Scandinavian,<ref name=aia /> and Eastern European Jewish immigrants, with the Jewish population standing at 90,000 around 1917.<ref name=enc-nyc /> In the 1870s, Italian immigrants joined the mix after a contractor building trolley tracks on First Avenue imported Italian laborers as strikebreakers. The workers' shantytown along the East River at 106th Street was the beginning of an Italian neighborhood, with 4,000 having arrived by the mid-1880s. As more immigrants arrived, it expanded north to East 115th Street and west to Third Avenue.<ref name=gotham1123>Template:Cite gotham, p.1123-24</ref>

East Harlem consisted of pockets of ethnically sorted settlements – Italian, German, Irish, and Jewish – which were beginning to press up against each other, with the spaces still between them occupied by "gasworks, stockyards and tar and garbage dumps".<ref name=gotham1123 /> In 1895, the Union Settlement Association, one of the oldest settlement houses in New York City, began providing services in the area, offering the immigrant and low-income residents a range of community-based programs, including boys and girls clubs, a sewing school and adult education classes. Template:Multiple image

Italian Harlem

Southern Italians and Sicilians, with a moderate number of Northern Italians, soon predominated, especially in the area east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th Streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th Streets, with each street featuring people from different regions of Italy. The neighborhood became known as "Italian Harlem", the Italian American hub of Manhattan; it was the first part of Manhattan to be referred to as "Little Italy".<ref>Template:Cite inside p.154</ref> The first Italians arrived in East Harlem in 1878, from Polla in the province of Salerno, and settled in the vicinity of 115th Street.<ref name="meyer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

There were many crime syndicates in Italian Harlem, from the early Black Hand to the bigger and more organized Italian gangs that formed the Italian-American Mafia. It was the founding location of the Genovese crime family, one of the Five Families that dominated organized crime in New York City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This includes the current 116th Street Crew of the Genovese family. During the 1970s, Italian East Harlem was also home to the Italian-American drug gang and murder-for-hire crew known as the East Harlem Purple Gang.

In the 1920s and early 1930s, Italian Harlem was represented in Congress by future Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia.<ref name=enc-nyc/> After becoming mayor, La Guardia helped plan a large expansion of Thomas Jefferson Park at First Avenue, between 111th and 114th Streets, in the mid-1930s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The neighborhood was represented, in the 1940s, by Italian-American civil rights lawyer, socialist, and activist Vito Marcantonio. The Italian neighborhood approached its peak in the 1930s, with more than 110,000 Italian-Americans living in its crowded, run-down apartment buildings.<ref name=enc-nyc>Lapp, Michael "East Harlem" in Template:Cite enc-nyc2 Quote: "During the 1930s as many as 110,000 Italians lived east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th streets."</ref> The 1930 census showed that 81 percent of the population of Italian Harlem consisted of first- or second-generation Italian Americans, somewhat less than the concentration of Italian Americans in the Lower East Side's Little Italy with 88 percent; Italian Harlem's total population, however, was three times that of Little Italy.<ref name=meyer/>

The fabric of the Italian-American community was torn when, after the Second World War, the unhealthy tenements started to be demolished and replaced with better housing, forcing families to relocate. Despite this, Italian Harlem endured as a large and conspicuous community through the 1980s and 1990s, and even later, the Italian-American community in East Harlem remained strong in certain areas, particularly around Pleasant Avenue.

Today, the few remaining Italian-American residents in Harlem are predominantly older, clustered around Pleasant Avenue and the Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, mainly from 114th to 118th Streets and the surrounding area. According to the 2000 Census, there were only 1,130 Italian-Americans still living in this area.<ref>Garland, Sarah. "A Reunion of Little Italy in East Harlem" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, September 5, 2006. Accessed January 2, 2008. "Now, there are only 1,130 Italian-Americans left in East Harlem, according to the 2000 census."</ref>

However, vestiges of the old Italian neighborhood remain. The annual Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the "Dancing of the Giglio", the first Italian feast in New York City, is still celebrated there every year on the second weekend of August by the Giglio Society of East Harlem and is centered around Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Italian retail establishments still exist in Italian Harlem, such as Rao's restaurant, which started in 1896, and the original Patsy's Pizzeria, which opened in 1933. Another major Italian retail business in the neighborhood, a barbershop opened by Claudio Caponigro on 116th Street in the mid-1950s,<ref name="Berger">Template:Cite news</ref> was threatened with closure by a rent increase in May 2011<ref name="Berger2">Template:Cite news</ref> but ultimately closed only in 2019 when Mr. Caponigro retired.<ref name="NYSDS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Spanish Harlem

Template:Redirect Puerto Rican and Latin American migration after the First World War<ref name="fednyc">Template:Cite fednyc. p. 265-268</ref> established an enclave at the western portion of East Harlem – around 110th Street and Lexington Avenue – which became known as "Spanish Harlem". The area slowly grew to encompass all of East Harlem, including Italian Harlem, as Italians moved out – to the Bronx, Brooklyn, Long Island, upstate New York and New Jersey – and Nuyoricans moved in during another wave of immigration in the 1940s and 1950s.<ref name=enc-nyc />

The newly dominant Puerto Rican population, which reached 63,000 in 1950, continued to define the neighborhood according to its needs, establishing bodegas and botánicas as it expanded; by the 1930s<ref name=fednyc /> there was already an enclosed street market underneath the Park Avenue railroad viaduct between 111th and 116th Streets, called "La Marqueta" ("The Market").<ref name=enc-nyc /> Catholic and evangelistic Protestant churches appeared in storefronts.<ref name=enc-nyc /> Although "Spanish Harlem" had been in use since at least the 1930s to describe the Latino enclave – along with "Italian Harlem" and "Negro Harlem"<ref>Template:Cite fednyc, p.253</ref> – the name began to be used to describe the entire East Harlem neighborhood by the 1950s. Later, the name "El Barrio" ("The Neighborhood") began to be used, especially by residents of the area.

Decline

In the 1950s and 1960s, large sections of East Harlem were leveled for urban renewal projects, and the neighborhood was one of the hardest hit areas in the 1960s and 1970s as New York City struggled with deficits, race riots, urban flight, gang warfare, drug abuse, crime and poverty. Tenements were crowded, poorly maintained, and frequent targets for arson. In 1969 and 1970, a regional chapter of the Young Lords which were reorganized from a neighborhood street gang in Chicago by Jose (Cha-Cha) Jimenez, ran several programs including a Free Breakfast for Children and a Free Health Clinic to help Latino and poor families. The Young Lords came together with the Black Panthers and called for Puerto Rican independence and neighborhood empowerment.

Recent history

By the beginning of the 21st century, East Harlem was a racially diverse neighborhood, with about a third of the population being Puerto Rican.<ref name=enc-nyc /> As it has been throughout its history, it is predominantly a working-class neighborhood.<ref name=aia>Template:Cite aia5</ref>

Until 2006, property values in East Harlem climbed along with those in the rest of New York City, leading to gentrification and changes to area demographics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On March 12, 2014, at 9:00 EDT, a large explosion and fire at 1644–1646 Park Avenue killed eight people and injured more than 70.<ref>"New York Gas Explosion Kills Six People" Sky News (March 13, 2014)</ref><ref>Template:Cite news Template:Webarchive.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The New York Post listed one part of the neighborhood – the block of Lexington Avenue between East 123rd and 124th Streets – as one of "the most dangerous blocks in the city" because police crime statistics for 2015 showed that 19 assaults had taken place there, more than for any other city block. The Post also reported that there were, according to the Harlem Neighborhood Block Association, "22 drug-treatment programs, four homeless-services providers and four transitional-living facilities" in East Harlem.<ref>Balsamini, Dean (March 6, 2016) "Do you live on one of New York's most dangerous blocks?" Template:Webarchive New York Post.</ref>

East Harlem has begun to feel the effects of gentrification.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In February 2016, an article in The New York Times about "New York's Next Hot Neighborhoods" featured East Harlem as one of four such areas. A real-estate broker described it as "one of the few remaining areas in New York City where you can secure a good deal". The article mentioned new luxury developments, access to transportation, the opening of new retail stores, bars and restaurants, and national-brand stores beginning to appear on the outskirts of the neighborhood. Primarily, though, it was the cost of housing in comparison to the rest of Manhattan, which the article noted as the major factor.<ref name="hot">Higgins, Michelle (February 26, 2016) "New York's Next Hot Neighborhoods" Template:Webarchive. The New York Times.</ref> Beginning in 2016, the New York City government was seeking to rezone East Harlem "to facilitate new residential, commercial, community facility, and manufacturing development".<ref>Staff (November 10, 2016), "East Harlem Scoping Notification" Template:Webarchive New York City Department of City Planning</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The residents of the neighborhood generated a suggested zoning plan, the "East Harlem Neighborhood Plan", which was offered to the city in February 2017,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but in August 2017 residents and the Manhattan Borough President, Gale Brewer, complained that the city had ignored their plan almost entirely.<ref>Solis, Gustavo (August 24, 2017) "Mayor Ignoring Residents in East Harlem Rezoning Plan, Boro Prez Says" Template:Webarchive DNAinfo</ref>

In 2019, the oldest portion of the neighborhood, the blocks of East 111th through 120th Streets between Park and Pleasant Avenues, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the East Harlem Historic District.<ref name="NRHP listing">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Demographics

File:Elbarrio116thLex.jpg
Storefronts at Lexington Avenue and 116th Street

The New York City Department of City Planning classifies East Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas: East Harlem North and East Harlem South, divided along 115th Street.<ref>New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Template:Webarchive, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> The two areas had a combined population of 115,921, an increase of 1,874 (1.4%) from the combined 114,047 in the 2000 Census.<ref name="PLP5South"/>

2010 census

Based on data from the 2010 United States census, the population of East Harlem North was 58,019, an increase of 871 (1.5%) from the 57,148 counted in 2000. Covering an area of Template:Cvt, the neighborhood had a population density of Template:Cvt.<ref name="PLP5South">Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Template:Webarchive, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 6.8% (3,936) White, 35.5% (20,625) African American, 0.2% (128) Native American, 3.0% (1,766) Asian, 0.0% (9) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (185) from other races, and 1.3% (769) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.7% (30,601) of the population.<ref name="PLP3ASouth">Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Template:Webarchive, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.</ref>

Based on data from the 2010 Census, the population of East Harlem South was 57,902, an increase of 1,003 (1.8%) from the 56,899 counted in 2000. Covering an area of Template:Cvt, the neighborhood had a population density of Template:Cvt.<ref name="PLP5South" /> The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 17.4% (10,072) White, 24.6% (14,227) African American, 0.2% (96) Native American, 8.3% (4,802) Asian, 0.1% (55) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (218) from other races, and 1.6% (933) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47.5% (27,499) of the population.<ref name="PLP3ASouth" />

The most significant changes in the racial composition of East Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the Asian population's increase by 109% (3,427), the White population's increase by 68% (5,689), and the Black population's decrease by 12% (4,625). Although more of the influx of Asian and White residents was in East Harlem South, the greatest percentage growth was in East Harlem North, while the Black population's decrease was evenly split. The Hispanic/Latino population also decreased by 4% (2,485), a decrease almost entirely concentrated in East Harlem South, where it fell from being the majority group to the plurality group. The small population of other races experienced a slight increase of 5% (132).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The entirety of Manhattan Community District 11, which consists of East Harlem, Randall's Island, and Ward's Island, had 124,323 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 77.3 years.<ref name="CHP2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp This is 3.9 years lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":21">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp Most residents are children and middle-aged adults: 21% are between the ages of 0–17, while 33% are between 25 and 44, and 23% are between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 13% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 11 was $36,770.<ref name="CB11PUMA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2018, an estimated 23% of Community District 11 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in nine residents (11%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 11, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, Template:As of, Community District 11 is considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp

2020s census

In the 2020 census report, East Harlem's demographics were separated into north and south parts. North East Harlem had between 30,000 and 39,999 Hispanic residents, 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and less than 5000 Asian residents. Meanwhile, South East Harlem was more racially diverse with 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents, 10,000 to 19,999 Black residents, 10,000 to 19,999 white residents, and 5,000 to 9,999 Asian residents.<ref>Staff (August 2021) "2020 Census Results for New York City: Key Population & Housing Characteristics" Template:Webarchive City of New York Department of City Planning</ref><ref>Keefe, John; Wolfe, Daniel; and Hernandez, Sergio (August 21, 2021) "Race and ethnicity across the nation" Template:Webarchive CNN</ref>

Ethnic groups

Community District 11 is a mostly low to middle income area. It is made up of first and second generation Puerto Ricans, Dominican Americans, Cuban Americans, African Americans, Italian Americans, Asian Americans, Caribbean Americans and a growing population of Mexican Americans and Salvadoran Americans and other Central American immigrants. It has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in all of New York City.<ref name="NYCPlanning"/> As of 2010, the Puerto Rican population was 27.7% in zip code 10029,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 23.4% in 10035. 10035 also has a large Mexican population, at 10.7%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As noted before, the number of Asians in East Harlem more than doubled between 2000 and 2010, largely due to Chinese people moving to East Harlem. Increasing rents in Lower Manhattan's Chinatown have driven many into public and subsidized housing developments in the neighborhood. Advocates have been calling for Chinese language services to be available in the community centers to accommodate the growing number of Chinese residents in the area. In 2000, the Chinese population in the northern portion was less than one percent, but by 2010, it has gone up to three percent. In the southern part, it rose from 4.6% to 8.4%.<ref name="Mays 2011">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Barron 2013">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="APA 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Social issues

Social problems, including concentrated poverty, homelessness, overcrowding, substandard housing, language barriers, food insecurity, teen pregnancy, obesity, crime, drug addiction, dropping out of school, and low rates of advanced educational attainment, have long plagued the area. Although crime rates have dropped from the historically high numbers of the crack epidemic, East Harlem suffers from a high violent crime rate, especially in the 25th Precinct above 115th Street. In 2021, the 25th Precinct had the second-highest rates of felony assault and robbery, the sixteenth-highest rate of rape, and the highest rate of murder out of the New York Police Department's 77 precincts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

East Harlem has the highest concentration of shelters and facilities in Manhattan, with eight homeless shelters, 36 drug and alcohol treatment facilities and 37 mental health treatment facilities. It also has the highest jobless rate in the entire city, as well as the city's second highest cumulative AIDS rate. The asthma rate is also five times higher than national levels.<ref name="nyc.gov" /> The neighborhood also suffers from a high poverty rate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Union Settlement Association is one of the neighborhood's largest social service agencies, reaching more than 13,000 people annually at 17 locations throughout East Harlem, through a range of programs, including early childhood education, youth development, senior services, job training, the arts, adult education, nutrition, counseling, a farmers' market, community development, and neighborhood cultural events.

Housing

File:Metro North Plaza Houses jeh.jpg
Metro North Plaza Houses
File:Thos Jefferson NYCHA 1st Av 111 St jeh.jpg
Jefferson Houses
File:Wagner Houses.jpg
Wagner Houses
File:2d Av 103 St Washington NYCHA jeh.jpg
Washington Houses

East Harlem is dominated by public housing complexes of various types, with a high concentration of older tenement buildings between these developments. The neighborhood contains the second-highest concentration of public housing in the United States, behind Brownsville, Brooklyn.<ref name="Mays 2011 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The total land area is Template:Cvt.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

After a wave of arson ravaged the low income communities of New York City throughout the 1970s, many of the residential structures in East Harlem were left seriously damaged or destroyed. By the late 1970s, the city began to rehabilitate many abandoned tenement style buildings and designate them as low income housing. Despite recent gentrification of the neighborhood, large numbers of apartment buildings have been deliberately kept vacant by their owners. Although the businesses on the ground floor are retained, landlords do not want to have the trouble involved in residential tenants. In some cases, landlords are waiting for a revived economy, warehousing the apartments so that they can rent them later at a higher rent.<ref name="Sealed Apartments">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2007, a survey of Manhattan's buildings found that 1,723 were significantly vacant, three-quarters of them north of 96th Street. A 1998 survey found that one-quarter of low-rise residential buildings on avenues or major cross streets in East Harlem had sealed-up residential floors, despite having commercial businesses on the ground floor.<ref name="Sealed Apartments" />

Public housing projects

There are 24 New York City Housing Authority developments located in East Harlem.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2013, 93.6% of all housing units were renter-occupied, and over 25% of the population resided in public housing units managed by the NYCHA.<ref name="nyc.gov" />

  • 335 East 111th Street; one 6-story building
  • East 120th Street Rehab; one, 6-story rehabilitated tenement building
  • East River Houses; 10 buildings, 6, 10 and 11 stories tall
  • Edward Corsi Houses; one 16-story building
  • Gaylord White Houses; one 20-story building
  • George Washington Carver Houses; 13 buildings, 6 and 15 stories tall
  • Governor Dewitt Clinton Houses; six buildings, 9 and 18 stories tall
  • Jackie Robinson Houses; one 8-story building
  • James Weldon Johnson Houses; 10 14-story buildings
  • Lehman Village; four 20-story buildings
  • Lexington Houses; four 14-story buildings
  • Metro North Plaza; three buildings, 7, 8, and 11 stories tall
  • Metro North Rehab; 17 6-story rehabilitated tenement buildings
  • Milbank-Frawley; two rehabilitated tenement buildings 5 and 6 stories tall
  • Morris Park Senior Citizens Home; one 9-story rehabilitated building
  • Park Avenue-East 122nd Street, 123rd Streets; two 6-story buildings
  • President Abraham Lincoln; 14 buildings, 6 and 14 stories tall
  • President George Washington Houses; 14 buildings, 12 and 14 stories tall
  • President Thomas Jefferson Houses; 18 buildings, 7, 13 and 14 stories tall
  • President Woodrow Wilson Houses; three 20-story buildings
  • Senator Robert A. Taft; nine 19-story buildings
  • Robert F. Wagner Houses; 22 buildings, 7 and 16 stories tall
  • U.P.A.C.A. (Upper Park Avenue Community Association) Site 6; one 12-story building
  • U.P.A.C.A. (Upper Park Avenue Community Association) U.R.A. Site 5; one 11-story building

Other residential developments

Other subsidized housing includes:

  • Taino Towers<ref>Kadinsky, Sergey {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – East 122nd Street and Third Avenue. Four 35-story towers, 656 apartments. Opened 1979.<ref>Baldwin, Susan, "Taino: 'Dream' Housing For Poor Set To Open: From 30 years ago: Long in the making, a unique subsidized housing project finally opened its doors" Template:Webarchive, City Limits, January 5, 2009. This includes the original article: Baldwin, Susan, "Taino: 'Dream' Housing For Poor Set To Open", City Limits, February 1979, Vol. 4, No. 2</ref>

  • A new 68-story rental tower at 321 East 96th Street was approved in August 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Template:Cvt building, which is currently the site of the School of Cooperative Technical Education, would house three schools and retail space along with a mix of 1,100 affordable and market-rate apartments.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Economy

The neighborhood is home to one of the few major television studios north of midtown,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Metropolis at 106th Street and Park Avenue,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> where shows such as BET's 106 & Park<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Chappelle's Show<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> have been produced. PRdream.com, a web site on the history and culture of Puerto Ricans, founded a media gallery and digital film studio called MediaNoche in 2003. It presents technology-based art on Park Avenue and 102nd Street, providing exhibition space and residencies for artists and filmmakers, and webcasting events.

Police and crime

File:NYPD 25 Pct E119 jeh.JPG
NYPD's 25th Precinct station house

East Harlem is served by two precincts of the NYPD.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The area north of 116th Street is served by the 25th Precinct, located at 120 East 119th Street,<ref name="NYPD 25th Precinct">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the area south of 116th Street is served by the 23rd Precinct, located at 164 East 102nd Street.<ref name="NYPD 23rd Precinct">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The 25th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 72.1% between 1990 and 2024. The precinct reported 8 murders, 16 rapes, 257 robberies, 478 felony assaults, 108 burglaries, 490 grand larcenies, and 109 grand larcenies auto in 2024.<ref name="NYPD 25th Precinct CS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 25th Precinct had a rate of 1,340 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.<ref name="crime map"/><ref name="sevenmajorfelonies">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="sevenmajorfeloniesbyprecinct"/>

The 23rd Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 63.1% between 1990 and 2024. The precinct reported 7 murders, 21 rapes, 250 robberies, 484 felony assaults, 157 burglaries, 374 grand larcenies, and 85 grand larcenies auto in 2024.<ref name="NYPD 23rd Precinct CS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 23rd Precinct had a rate of 819 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.<ref name="crime map">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="sevenmajorfelonies"/><ref name="sevenmajorfeloniesbyprecinct">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:As of, Community District 11 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 130 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 1,291 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp

In 2019, the highest concentration of felony assaults in East Harlem was around the intersection of 125th Street and Lexington Avenue, where there were 39 felony assaults. This location is well known as an open-air drug market and hotspot of other crimes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The highest concentration of robberies, on the other hand, was around the intersection of 116th Street and Third Avenue, where there were 21 robberies.<ref name="crime map"/> The Willis Avenue Bridge which connects East Harlem to the Mott Haven section of the Bronx has long been a hotspot for robbery.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Fire safety

East Harlem is served by four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:<ref>Template:Cite FDNY locations</ref>

  • Engine Company 35/Ladder Company 14/Battalion 12 – 2282 Third Avenue<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Engine Company 53/Ladder Company 43 – 1836 Third Avenue<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Engine Company 58/Ladder Company 26 – 1367 Fifth Avenue<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Engine Company 91 – 242 East 111th Street<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Health

File:SinaiMed crop.jpg
Mount Sinai Medical Center as seen from Central Park

Template:As of, preterm births and births to teenage mothers in East Harlem are higher than the city average. In East Harlem, there were 108 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.8 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate was based on a small sample size.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp East Harlem has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 3%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in East Harlem is Template:Cvt, more than the city average.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp Eighteen percent of East Harlem residents are smokers, which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp In East Harlem, 28% of residents are obese, 17% are diabetic, and 34% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp In addition, 23% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp

Eighty-four percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 76% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", less than the city's average of 78%.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp For every supermarket in East Harlem, there are 17 bodegas.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp

Metropolitan Hospital Center and Mount Sinai Hospital are both located in southern East Harlem. North General Hospital, which formerly served the area as well, is now closed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition, FDNY EMS Station 10 is located close to Metropolitan Hospital Center.

Fresh food

File:Super Associated East Harlem 1968 2nd Av 101 St jeh.jpg
Associated Supermarkets on East 101st Street

A lack of access to healthy food causes serious hardships to citizens of East Harlem, a neighborhood which is considered to be a food desert. According to an April 2008 report prepared by the New York City Department of City Planning, East Harlem is an area of the city with the highest levels of diet-related diseases due to limited opportunities for citizens to purchase fresh foods.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

With a high population density and a lack of nearby supermarkets, the neighborhood has little access to fresh fruit and vegetables and a low consumption of fresh foods. Citizens of East Harlem are likely to buy food from grocery stores that have a limited supply of fruits and vegetables, which are often of poor quality and generally more expensive than the same products sold at supermarkets. Compared to the Upper East Side, supermarkets in Harlem are 30% less common.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Without access to affordable produce and meats, East Harlem residents have difficulty eating a healthy diet, which contributes to high rates of obesity and diabetes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2011, Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer announced a program which would send Veggie Vans to East Harlem senior centers and housing projects.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2012, Whole Foods announced two uptown locations, one being on 125th Street and Lenox Avenue, the other on the Upper East Side.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2010, Aldi's Grocery opened at the East River Plaza<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> located at E. 117th St. and the FDR Drive, providing access to affordable food for East Harlem's residents. In 2013, a new Super FI Emperior Grocery store opened up in East Harlem on 103rd Street and Lexington Avenue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Post offices and ZIP Codes

East Harlem is located in two primary ZIP Codes. The area south of 116th Street is part of 10029 and the area north of 116th Street is part of 10035. The extreme northwestern portion of East Harlem is also located in 10037.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The United States Postal Service operates two post offices near East Harlem:

  • Hellgate Station – 153 East 110th Street<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Triborough Finance New Station – 118 East 124th Street<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Education

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Tito Puente PS117 2095 2nd Av 240 E109 St jeh.jpg
A school named after musician Tito Puente

East Harlem generally has a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city Template:As of. While 38% have a college education or higher, 25% have less than a high school education and 37% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp The percentage of East Harlem students excelling in math rose from 25% in 2000 to 51% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 33% to 39% during the same time period.<ref name=":17">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

East Harlem's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In East Harlem, 30% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, more than the citywide average of 20%.<ref name=":21" />Template:Rp<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp Additionally, 67% of high school students in East Harlem graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp

As in other parts of the city, some schools require students pass through metal detectors and swipe ID cards to enter school buildings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Schools

The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in East Harlem as part of Community School District 2. The following public elementary schools are located in East Harlem: Template:Col-beginTemplate:Col-break

  • Central Park East I (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Central Park East II (grades PK–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • James Weldon Johnson School (grades PK–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Mosaic Preparatory Academy (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 7 Samuel Stern (grades PK–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 30 Hernandez Hughes (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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    • PS 38 Roberto Clemente (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 83 Luis Munoz Rivera (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 96 Joseph Lanzetta (grades PK–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 102 Jacques Cartier (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 108 Assemblyman Angelo Del Toro Educational Com (grades PK–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 112 Jose Celso Barbosa (grades PK–2)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 133 Fred R Moore (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 138 (grades K-12)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 155 William Paca (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS 171 Patrick Henry (grades PK–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • PS/MS 206 Jose Celso Barbosa (grades 3–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • River East Elementary School (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • The Bilingual Bicultural School (grades PK–5)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • The Lexington Academy (grades PK–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The following public middle schools are located in East Harlem:

  • Esperanza Preparatory Academy (grades 6–12)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Isaac Newton MS For Math And Science (grades 6–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • MS 224 Manhattan East School For Arts And Academy (grades 6–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Renaissance School of the Arts (grades 6–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The following public high schools are located in East Harlem:

  • Harlem Renaissance High School (grades 9–12)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – replaced Benjamin Franklin High School, a school which had the smallest graduating class in the city at the time of its closing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

  • PS 79 Horan School (grades 6–12)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • The Heritage School (grades 9–12)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The public charter schools in East Harlem include:

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  • Harlem Village Academy (grades K–9)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • East Harlem Scholars Academies (grades PK–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Dream Charter School (grades PK–8)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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St. Cecilia's School in East Harlem was closed by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York – which operates Catholic schools in Manhattan and the Bronx – in 1991.<ref name=NievesSchoolclosed>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Libraries

File:NYPL Aguilar Branch, Manhattan.jpg
The Aguilar Library, part of the New York Public Library system

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches in East Harlem:

  • The Aguilar branch is located at 174 East 110th Street. The three-story Carnegie library opened in 1903 and was renovated in 1996. It is named for the author Grace Aguilar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • The 125th Street branch is located at 224 East 125th Street. The two-story Carnegie library opened in 1901 and was renovated in 2001.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Two additional NYPL branches are located nearby. The 96th Street branch is located at 112 East 96th Street, at the border with the Upper East Side,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the Harlem branch is located at 9 West 124th Street, near the border with Harlem.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Transportation

Template:Multiple image The Harlem River separates the Bronx and Manhattan, necessitating several spans between the two New York City boroughs. Three free bridges connect East Harlem and the Bronx: the Willis Avenue Bridge (for northbound traffic only), Third Avenue Bridge (for southbound traffic only), and Madison Avenue Bridge. In East Harlem, the Wards Island Bridge, also known as the 103rd Street Footbridge, connects Manhattan with Wards Island. The Triborough Bridge (officially the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge) is a complex of three separate bridges that offers connections between Queens, East Harlem, and the Bronx.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Public transportation service is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The New York City Subway's IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs through East Harlem, with an express station at 125th Street (served by the Template:NYCS trains) as well as local stations at the 116th Street, 110th Street, 103rd Street, and 96th Street (served by the Template:NYCS trains). There is also a Second Avenue Subway station at 96th Street on the Template:NYCS trains.<ref>Template:NYCS const</ref> MTA Regional Bus OperationsTemplate:' Template:NYC bus link and Template:NYC bus link bus routes serve East Harlem as well.<ref>Template:Cite NYC bus map</ref> Metro-North Railroad has a commuter rail station at Harlem–125th Street, serving trains to the Lower Hudson Valley and Connecticut.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable people

Template:Category see also

File:Mario Biaggi.jpg
Mario Biaggi
File:Frank Costello - Kefauver Committee.jpg
Frank Costello
File:Frankie Cutlass NY State Of Mind.jpg
Frankie Cutlass
File:F.H. LaGuardia LOC 16457254975 (cropped).jpg
Fiorello H. La Guardia
File:Edward Mosberg.png
Edward Mosberg
File:Al Pacino - Hummel.jpg
Al Pacino
  • Jack Agüeros (1934–2014), community activist, poet, writer, translator, and the former director of El Museo del Barrio.<ref>King, Chris. "A Park Just Made for a Poet" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, September 16, 2001. Accessed September 26, 2017. "Jack Agueros, a translator who collected the poems and translated them for the book, grew up in East Harlem, where he twice saw De Burgos, who lived in New York in the 1940s and early 1950s when she enjoyed a reputation as Puerto Rico's greatest poet."</ref>
  • Petra Allende (1920–2002), community activist<ref>Template:Cite book Template:Subscription required</ref>
  • Marc Anthony (born 1968), singer<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Rohter, Larry. "A Master of Crossover Relives '70s Ballads" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, June 18, 2010. Accessed May 9, 2020. "Growing up in the Washington housing project in East Harlem in the 1970s, the singer Marc Anthony came to realize early on that 'every family's identity was based on the music they were blaring out their windows' toward the courtyard below."</ref>
  • Frankie Cutlass (born 1971), DJ and record producer.<ref>Whitlock, Jennifer. "Disc Reviews" Template:Webarchive,The Morning Call, April 5, 1997. Accessed August 10, 2022, via Newspapers.com. "Frankie Cutlass also achieves a seamless sound on 'Politics And Bull_____', but his disc stands as a document rather than a concept. The Puerto Rican DJ, born in Spanish Harlem, scored two underground hits with the shout-outs 'Puerto Rico/Black People' and 'Boriquas On Da Set' both of which appear on the disc."</ref>
  • Arcángel (born 1985), reggaeton singer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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  • Joan Hackett (1934–1983), actress who appeared on television, film and stage.<ref>Purnick, Joyce. "Joan Hackett, 49, The Actress; Won 1982 Oscar Nomination" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, October 10, 1983. Accessed September 20, 2018. "Joan Hackett, daughter of an Italian mother and an Irish-American father, was born March 1, 1934, in East Harlem. The Hacketts soon moved to Elmhurst, Queens, and that was home when the future actress with the high cheekbones and aristocratic nose dropped out of her senior year in high school to work as a model."</ref>
  • Langston Hughes (1901–1967), writer and social activist<ref>Rampersad, Arnold (1986) The Life and Times of Langston Hughes Volume 2: I Dream a World. New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN</ref>
  • Jose Cha Cha Jimenez (born 1948), founder of the Young Lords<ref>Poggio, Marco; and Lestch, Corinne. "E. 111th St. at Lexington Ave. renamed 'Young Lords Way' for Puerto Rican social justice group" Template:Webarchive, New York Daily News. July 26, 2014. Accessed February 2, 2017. "The Young Lords now have a permanent home in East Harlem. The intersection of E. 111th St. and Lexington Ave. in front of the First Spanish United Methodist Church was changed Saturday to Young Lords Way, for the group of Puerto Rican youth that have fought for social justice issues since its inception in 1967. ... About 100 people, including Rep. Nydia Velasquez (D-N.Y.) and City Council Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito, attended the renaming ceremony honoring Young Lords members like Daily News columnist Juan Gonzalez and founder Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez, who turned his Chicago street gang into a group to raise political awareness among Puerto Ricans."</ref>
  • Jim Jones (born 1976), rapper<ref>Feeney, Michael J. "Harlem rapper Jim Jones' new music video is a sign of the times" Template:Webarchive, New York Daily News, April 7, 2011. Accessed February 2, 2017. "'I've personally dealt with all of these situations,' said the rapper, who grew up in East Harlem."</ref>
  • Roger Katan, architect, planner, sculptor, and activist.<ref>Katan, Roger. "Participative Mindscapes" Template:Webarchive, Arts, March 1, 2006. Accessed October 18, 2017. "At a time of great social upheaval, I decided to teach and spend more time providing free technical advice to the East Harlem community."</ref>
  • DJ Kay Slay (1966–2022), hip hop disc jockey<ref>Kim, Serena. "Drama King", Vibe, June 2003. Accessed June 13, 2019. "His mother Sheila, then 23, and father, Eric Grayson, an R&B DJ in Manhattan, decided to entrust him to his grandparents in Harlem's East River Houses."</ref>
  • Fiorello H. La Guardia (1882–1947), Congressman and mayor of New York City<ref name=enc-nyc />
  • Burt Lancaster (1913–1994), actor and film producer<ref>Beale, Lewis. "Burt Lancaster, a Hollywood star, dies at 80 after heart attack in 1994" Template:Webarchive, New York Daily News, October 22, 1994. Accessed February 2, 2017. " But even as a star, he never forgot where he came from, donating money to East Harlem charities. He was also a steadfast believer in liberal causes and once served as president of the American Civil Liberties Union. Born Burton Stephen Lancaster on Nov. 2, 1913, at Third Ave. and 106th St., the actor was the son of an East Harlem postal clerk."</ref>
  • Lillian López (1925–2005), activist and librarian<ref>"Guide to the Lillian López Papers 1928–2005" Template:Webarchive, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños at Hunter College. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Born in Salinas, Puerto Rico in 1925, Lillian López spent her early childhood in Ponce. In 1935, she left Ponce with her widowed mother and a younger sister for New York City. There they were reunited with an older sister, Evelina, who had arrived two years earlier. Joining a growing number of Puerto Rican migrants in New York City, they settled in El Barrio (Spanish Harlem)."</ref>
  • Tommy Lucchese (1899–1967), mobster<ref>Harrell (2009) pg. 99-101 Template:Webarchive</ref>
  • Lumidee (born 1984), rapper<ref>via The Washington Post. "Uh-ooh, Lumidee's a hit", Chicago Tribune, July 24, 2003. Accessed January 12, 2024. "Where 116th Street meets Second Avenue in Spanish Harlem, the street is named Luis Munoz Marin Boulevard, after the beloved Puerto Rican poet and politician. On a cloudy July afternoon, passersby are dazzled by a different kind of neighborhood hero: 19-year-old singer and rapper Lumidee, whose frothy single 'Never Leave You (Uh Ooh, Uh Oooh!)' has become one of this summer's most likable hits."</ref>
  • Machito (1908–1984), musician<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Music

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  • Carlos Santana's songs "Maria Maria" and "Smooth" from his album Supernatural (1999)
  • Beirut's song, "East Harlem" (2011)
  • Edward W. Hardy's composition Flying (Dancing in Spanish Harlem) for Latin ensemble, alternative version for string quartet (2019)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Literature

Film

Music videos

Video games

  • In the upcoming video game Deadlock, the character Ivy is nicknamed "the savior of Spanish Harlem"

References

Notes

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Further reading

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  • Araujo, Richard, (5/3/03), Comedia Politica desde El Barrio Template:Webarchive, El Nuevo Dia
  • Bell, Christopher East Harlem Remembered McFarland Publishing. 2013
  • Bell, Christopher Images of America: East Harlem . Arcadia Publishing. 2003
  • Bell, Christopher Images of America: East Harlem Revisited. Arcadia Publishing. 2010
  • Bell, Christopher Walking East Harlem: A Neighborhood Experience. Rutgers University. 2025
  • Bourgois, Philippe. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995 (2002)
  • Cayo-Sexton, Patricia. 1965. Spanish Harlem: An Anatomy of Poverty. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Davila, Arlene. Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos and the Neoliberal City. University of California Press. 2004
  • Jennings, James, and Monte Rivera (eds.) (1984). Puerto Rican Politics in Urban America (Westport: Greenwood Press).
  • Mencher, Joan. 1989. Growing Up in Eastville, a Barrio of New York. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Moreno Vega, Marta (2004). When the Spirits Dance Mambo: Growing Up Nuyorican in El Barrio (New York: Three Rivers Press).
  • Navarro, Mireya, (2003-5-6). "Smile, You're on Candidate Camera: With an Insider's Eye, a Film Skewers Harlem Politics", The New York Times
  • Padilla, Elena. 1992. Up From Puerto Rico. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Quiñonez, Ernesto. Bodega Dreams. Random House (Vintage). 2000
  • Salas, Leonardo. "From San Juan to New York: The History of the Puerto Rican". America: History and Life. 31 (1990).
  • Thomas, Piri. Down These Mean Streets. Random House (Vintage). 1967
  • Wakefield, Dan. Island in the city: The World of Spanish Harlem (1959)
  • Zentella, Ana Celia (1997). Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York (Blackwell Publishers).

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