Easy-Bake Oven
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The Easy-Bake Oven is a working toy oven introduced in 1963 and manufactured by Kenner and later by Hasbro.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The original toy used a pair of ordinary incandescent light bulbs as a heat source; current versions use a true heating element. Kenner sold 500,000 Easy-Bake Ovens in the first year of production.Template:Sfn By 1997, more than 16 million Easy-Bake Ovens had been sold.Template:Sfn
The oven comes with packets of cake mix and small round pans. Additional mixes can be purchased separately. After water is added to the mix in the pan, it is pushed into the oven through a slot.<ref name="NPR">Template:Cite web</ref> After cooking, the cake is pushed out through a slot in the other end.
History
Background
Miniature stoves and ovens had existed in the late 19th to early 20th century, with many being copies of full-size stoves.<ref name="Gizmodo_Hix2014">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NPR_Burnham2012">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="AtlasObscura_Ewbank2019">Template:Cite web</ref> To appeal to girls, toy train-maker Lionel Corporation released a toy stove with two electric burners and a working oven in 1930.<ref name="TheStrong_Hogan2014">Template:Cite web</ref> During the 1950s, various toy ovens with fiberglass insulation were marketed to families with children.<ref name="Gizmodo_Hix2014" />
Kenner versions
The Easy-Bake Oven was introduced in 1963 by Kenner Products, a Cincinnati, Ohio-based toy company. The idea for the Easy Bake Oven came from Norman Shapiro, Kenner's sales manager in New York.Template:Sfn He was inspired by the ovens that New York street vendors used to bake pretzels, and suggested to Kenner executives that the company make a toy version of the appliance.Template:Sfn Spearheaded by research and development vice-president James Kuhn, with major contributions from Ronald Howes, the Kenner team iterated on the idea.Template:Sfn The original Kenner Easy-Bake Oven was heated by two 100-watt incandescent light bulbs, one above the food tray and one below. The idea was that the cake would bake more quickly and evenly if heated from both sides. Later models used only one bulb, leveraging convection from better interior heating dynamics to achieve the same results.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The original oven came in a pale yellow or turquoise, and was designed to resemble a conventional oven.<ref>Template:Cite patent</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The design changed many times over the years. An updated "Premier" model, available in avocado green (common shade for kitchen appliances at the time, now almost a cultural cliché<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) or red, was released in 1969, followed by a "Mod" model in yellow or light green in 1971. A more recent model resembled a microwave oven.
A one-of-a-kind model was presented to the winner of the 5,000,000th Easy-Bake Oven Sweepstakes in 1972.Template:Sfn
Kenner licensed the Easy-Bake Oven to international markets. Japan represented a significant opportunity for Kenner. The toy oven was licensed to Nakajima Corporation, which sold its version as Margaret's Cooking Oven.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Hasbro versions
After Kenner became a division of Hasbro, which then closed it down, Hasbro continued to produce the oven.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Easy-Bake Oven and Snack Center was introduced in 1993.
A decade after the Easy-Bake Oven and Snack Center was introduced, the Real Meal Oven was released. This oven was different from the others in being able to cook larger portions, and two of them at once, using two pans at the same time. It won the 2003 Best Toy Parenting magazine Toy of the Year Award. The neutral colors were more accepted across gender lines, and were favored by parents, particularly in the midst of queries and complaints over versions not being offered for male children. The Real Meal pans were larger than the Easy Bake ones, and it could bake both desserts and main courses. This model featured a heating element and did not require a light bulb.Template:Citation needed
In 2002, Hasbro released the Queasy Bake Cookerator, a variant on the Easy-Bake targeted at young boys.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2006, a different version of the Easy-Bake was released, with a stove-top warmer and a heating element. Like Hasbro's first version, it had smaller pans, and it could only bake one pan at a time.Template:Citation needed But the new front-loading Hasbro design, a substantial departure from the traditional push-through arrangement, was ill-conceived, as all (approximately 985,000) such units were recalled over safety concerns and reported injuries.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>
The oven was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2011, the last version to use a 100-watt incandescent light bulb was replaced by a new version with a dedicated heating element, named the Easy-Bake Ultimate Oven. The replacement was due to the availability of alternatives to the incandescent light bulbs that heated previous versions of the Easy-Bake Oven.<ref name="ABCnews-2011-09-14">ABC News, "Easy-Bake Oven Loses Light Bulb, Gets $20 Makeover", Susanna Kim, 14 September 2011</ref> It was feared that newer lamp requirements would render all models that used light bulbs as their heating elements obsolete because lamps would no longer be available. (The company never provided initial or replacement bulbs.)<ref name="Postar-2011-09-04">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Cleveland-2011-09-10">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2012, Hasbro announced the premiere of a version of the Easy-Bake Oven in black and silver after executives met with McKenna Pope, a girl from Garfield, New Jersey, who had started a Change.org petition asking the toy maker to offer the product in gender-neutral packaging.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The prototype Easy-Bake Oven was also made available in blue.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The redesigned product was slated to be unveiled in February 2013, at the New York Toy Fair.
Marketing
In 1962, Kenner created the Gooney Bird as part of its marketing efforts. The new corporate mascot was primarily used as part of the company logo, appearing on most product packaging along with the company slogan, "It's Kenner, It's Fun!". The bird was also used in trade publications and advertisements with the tagline, "This bird means business!".
In 1968, Kenner approached Muppet creator Jim Henson to create a Muppet version of the Gooney Bird. The bird appeared in Easy-Bake Oven commercials with child actress Barbara Price. The Gooney Bird became so popular that Henson refurbished the character as Little Bird, Big Bird's smaller counterpart, in early seasons of Sesame Street.Template:Sfn
Recall
After a release of a new model in May 2006, Hasbro received reports of 29 children getting their hands or fingers caught in the front-loading door, including 5 reports of burns.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In February 2007, Hasbro and the Consumer Product Safety Commission issued a voluntary recall of the oven and advised parents to stop using the oven with children under the age of 8 and contact the company for a free retrofit kit.<ref>"Easy-Bake Ovens Recalled for Repair Due to Entrapment and Burn Hazards" Template:Webarchive, Consumer Products Safety Commission. 6 February 2007. retrieved 14 May 2008.</ref> The kit was approved by the CPSC and consisted of a plastic grate that fit over the existing oven door. The grate allowed the oven to function as designed, but it now provided an additional barrier to keep small fingers out.
Despite the retrofit program, the problems persisted. According to data from the CPSC, an additional 249 reported incidents included 77 burns, 16 of which were second- or third-degree in nature. On July 19, 2007, Hasbro re-issued its voluntary recall of the Easy-Bake after learning that part of a five-year-old girl's finger had to be amputated because of a severe burn.<ref>“New Easy-Bake Oven Recall Following Partial Finger Amputation; Consumers Urged to Return Toy Ovens”, Hasbro, Inc. Undated. retrieved on 22 April 2009.</ref> The recall affected 985,000 ovens that had been sold between May 2006 and July 2007.<ref name=":0" /> Ovens sold prior to May 2006 were not part of the recall, leaving more than 25 million side-entry/light bulb models in circulation unaffected.Template:Sfn
Legacy
National Easy-Bake Oven Day<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is observed annually on November 4, the day in which the toy oven was originally released in 1963.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> The National Day was established in 2017<ref name=":1" /> by author and toy historian Todd Coopee.Template:Needs citation