Echo (command)
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echo is a shell command that writes input text to standard output. It is available in many operating system and shells. It is often used in a shell script to log status, provide feedback to the user and for debugging. For an interactive session, output by default displays on the terminal screen, but output can be re-directed to a file or piped to another process.<ref name="rugheimer-spanik-amigados" />
Many shells implement echo as a builtin command rather than an external application as are many other commands.
Multiple, incompatible implementations of echo exist in different shells. Some expand escape sequences by default; some do not; some accept options; some do not. The POSIX specification<ref>Template:Man</ref> leaves the behavior unspecified if the first argument is -n or any argument contains backslash characters while the Unix specification (XSI option in POSIX) mandates the expansion of some sequences and does not allow any option processing. In practice, many echo implementations are not compliant in the default environment. Because of these variations, echo is considered a non-portable command<ref name="echo limitations" /> and the printf command (introduced in Ninth Edition Unix) is preferred instead.
Implementations
The command is available the following shells or at least one shell of a listed operating system:
- Unix and Unix-like shells
- Windows<ref name="windows-commands" />
- Multics<ref name="multics" />
- OS/2<ref name="jatomes" />
- DOS
- TSC FLEX<ref name="flexusergroup" />
- MetaComCo TRIPOS<ref name="tripos" />
- Zilog Z80-RIO<ref name="z80 user guide" />
- OS-9<ref name="os-9 guru" />
- Panos<ref name="computinghistory" />
- FlexOS<ref name="flexos user guide" />
- ReactOS<ref name="reactos" />
- MPE/iX<ref name="teamnaconsulting" />
- KolibriOS<ref name="kolibrios" />
- SymbOS
- EFI shell.<ref name="EFI-Shells-and-Scripting" />
History
echo began within Multics. After it was programmed in C by Doug McIlroy as a "finger exercise" and proved to be useful, it became part of Version 2 Unix. echo -n in Version 7 replaced prompt, (which behaved like echo but without terminating its output with a line delimiter).<ref name="reader" />
On PWB/UNIX and later Unix System III, echo started expanding C escape sequences such as \n with the notable difference that octal escape sequences were expressed as \0ooo instead of \ooo in C.<ref name="mascheck-echo" />
Eighth Edition Unix echo only did the escape expansion when passed a -e option,<ref name="man echo" /> and that behaviour was copied by a few other implementations such as the builtin echo command of Bash or zsh and GNU echo.
On MS-DOS, the command is available in versions 2 and later.<ref name="RUNNINGMSDOS" />
Examples
<syntaxhighlight lang="doscon"> C:\>echo Hello world Hello world </syntaxhighlight>
Using ANSI escape code SGR sequences, compatible terminals can print out colored text.
Using a UNIX System III-style implementation:
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> BGRED=`echo "\033[41m"` FGBLUE=`echo "\033[35m"` BGGREEN=`echo "\033[42m"` NORMAL=`echo "\033[m"` </syntaxhighlight>
Or a Unix Version 8-style implementation (such as Bash when not in Unix-conformance mode):
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> BGRED=`echo -e "\033[41m"` FGBLUE=`echo -e "\033[35m"` BGGREEN=`echo -e "\033[42m"` NORMAL=`echo -e "\033[m"` </syntaxhighlight>
and after:
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> echo "${FGBLUE} Text in blue ${NORMAL}" echo "Text normal" echo "${BGRED} Background in red" echo "${BGGREEN} Background in Green and back to Normal ${NORMAL}" </syntaxhighlight>
Portably with printf:
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> BGRED=`printf '\33[41m'` NORMAL=`printf '\33[m'` printf '%s\n' "${BGRED}Text on red background${NORMAL}" </syntaxhighlight>
See also
References
Further reading
External links
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