Ed Blackwell

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Edward Joseph Blackwell (October 10, 1929 – October 7, 1992)<ref name="wilmer">Template:Cite news</ref> was an American jazz drummer, best known known for his work with saxophonist Ornette Coleman.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Biography

Blackwell was born in New Orleans on October 10, 1929. His career began there in the 1950s, where he played in a bebop quintet with pianist Ellis Marsalis and clarinetist Alvin Batiste and briefly toured with Ray Charles. The second line brass band music of New Orleans greatly influenced Blackwell's drumming style. He has also credited his inspiration for playing the drums to his time growing up trying to mimic and match the sounds of his older sisters tap dancing. He would use pots and pans, and old trash cans until he finally received his first drum.

Blackwell first came to national attention as a member of Ornette Coleman's quartet around 1960, when he took over for Billy Higgins during Coleman's residency at the Five Spot Café in Manhattan.<ref name="LarkinJazz">Template:Cite book</ref> Blackwell became a pioneering free jazz drummer, fusing New Orleans and African rhythms with bebop. Blackwell later toured and recorded extensively with fellow Coleman veterans Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, and Dewey Redman, both individually and as the quartet Old and New Dreams.<ref name="LarkinJazz"/>

In 1973, Blackwell became an artist in residence at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut.<ref name="wilmer" />

In 1981, Blackwell performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival, held in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Creative Music Studio, alongside Mark Helias, Carlos Ward, and Graham Haynes.

Life and career

Early life

Blackwell was born on October 10, 1929, in New Orleans, and grew in the city’s Garden District. Blackwell grew up in a family rich with diverse indigenous musical tradition, as well as connections to prominent musicians and the recording industry in New Orleans and the surrounding areas.<ref name=":1">Moy, Tracie. 2007. Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music. Contemporary Musicians.</ref> The music of “Dizzy” Gillespie and Charlie Parker, supplied by Blackwell’s older brothers, fostered an early interest in jazz; as well as, the percussive influence of dance as seen in the clubs of New Orleans and from his sister who tap danced.<ref name=":2">Schmalenberger, David J. 2000. "Stylistic Evolution of Jazz Drummer Ed Blackwell: The Cultural Intersection of New Orleans and West Africa." Order No. 3012801, West Virginia University. </ref> Blackwell began studying under Wilbur Hogan and learned to read music as well as the basics of drumming.<ref name=":2" /> This encouraged Blackwell joined his high school’s drum corps.<ref name=":1" /> Blackwell did not begin playing the drum set until his first professional gig at the age of 19.<ref name=":2" />

Early career

Blackwell was first hired as a drummer in 1949 for the Jonson Brothers Band, playing a selection of jump blues, rhythm and blues, as well as shuffle. <ref name=":2" /> Blackwell worked with Ray Johnson and John “Plas” Johnson until 1951 when he moved to Los Angeles.<ref name=":2" /> During this time in Los Angeles, Blackwell become acquainted with Ornette Coleman.<ref name=":1" /> This would be a pivotal connection throughout the rest of Blackwell's career. Despite this, he would return to New Orleans in 1956 to play in the American Jazz Quintet with musicians Alvin Batiste, Peter "Chuck" Badie, Ellis Marsalis, Nat Perrilliat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1957, Blackwell toured with the Ray Charles Orchestra.<ref name=":2" /> After this, Blackwell spent much time playing rhythm and blues in New Orleans despite his personal affinity for bebop to make a living.<ref name=":2" />

Early musical style

Much of the earlier playing of Blackwell was inspired by the distinctive second line parade rhythms found in New Orleans in the 30s and 40s, as well as rhythm and blues.<ref name=":2" /> Blackwell's drumming style in the 50s was heavily influenced by bebop. This most prominently includes the drumming of Kenny Clarke and Max Roach.<ref name=":2" /> This is most evident in some earlier recordings from the American Jazz Quintet. During this period, much of Blackwell's playing can be described as song like in nature, being repetitive and often combing high and low-pitched beats found on the drum set.<ref name=":2" /> Blackwell's playing is typically phrased in groups of 4, 8, or 12. Despite the influence of bebop, much of Blackwell's original influences can be found in his playing around this time, for example, utilizing combinations of bass drum and cymbal common in the parade music of his childhood.<ref name=":2" />

Free jazz years

This is the period in which Blackwell is most commonly associated with. By 1960, Blackwell had accepted an invitation to join Ornette Coleman's band in New York City.<ref name=":2" /> This resulted in a three-month engagement at with Coleman at the Five-Spot as well as going on the road. During this time, he appeared on a number of influential free jazz albums, including This is our Music and Free Jazz.<ref name=":1" /> However, after this time Blackwell and other members of the ensemble had very little work otherwise, causing himself and Don Cherry to leave Coleman's band.<ref name=":2" /> Together they went on to record the albums Complete Communion, Symphony for Improvisers, and Where Is Brooklyn?.<ref name=":1" /> That same year, he played drums on The Avant-garde with John Coltrane.<ref name=":1" /> In 1961, Blackwell played in the Eric Dolphy-Booker Little Quintet, resulting in a series of successful recordings like the album At The Five Spot.<ref name=":2" /> Once again, after this success, Blackwell struggled to find work for a number of years except for a number of small gigs in and around New York City.<ref name=":2" />

Free jazz musical style

Despite the avant-garde nature of free jazz, Blackwell's playing remains structured and influenced by his previous experiences. Much of free jazz lacks a traditional jazz structure, however, Blackwell frequently incorporates different motivic patterns to create a sense of structure.<ref name=":2" /> Typically, the song like aspects of his style also remain present during this time.

African influence

In 1967 and 1968, Blackwell traveled with Randy Weston on a state-funded tour to West Africa, North Africa, and the Middle East.<ref name=":1" /> During the tour, Blackwell transcribed many of the traditional rhythms of the places he visited. This exposure coincided with much of the Black Nationalism movement taking hold in the United States throughout the 60s.<ref name=":2" /> However, Blackwell never expressed these sentiments and maintained that his connection to Africa during this time was for cultural and musical edification rather than political.<ref name=":2" /> During this period, much of Blackwell’s drumming becomes reminiscent of West African drumming techniques, exhibiting a dance-like quality relying heavily on layered polyrhythmic sequences.<ref name=":2" />

Later years

In 1969, Blackwell once again played with Coleman. Short thereafter, he would take a position as an artist-in-residence at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, where he would teach until his death.<ref name=":2" /> Only a few years later in 1973 would his health begin to decline, he would develop chronic kidney malfunction which would require frequent dialysis and limit his ability to travel.<ref name=":1" /> This led to a development of frequent health complications like pneumonia, which often made it difficult for him to work.<ref>Santoro, G. 1990. “Music.” Nation 250 (7): 247–49. </ref> Despite these complications, Blackwell went on to co-found Old and New Dreams with former bandmates Don Cherry and Charlie Haden, they were joined by Dewey Redmen.<ref name=":1" /> They recorded two albums under that name in 1976 and 1979.<ref name=":1" /> Throughout the 80s Blackwell performed with a number of top free jazz artists including but not limited to: Dennis Charles, Sunny Murray, Steve McCall, Jane Ira Bloom, Anthony Braxton, and David Murray.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Death

On October 7, 1992, Blackwell died at the age of 62 years old due to his complications related to chronic kidney failure at Hartford Hospital in Connecticut.<ref name=":0">Watrous, Peter. “Ed Blackwell, 63, Jazz Drummer Known for Warm Textures, Dies.” The New York Times, 1992.</ref> He was survived by his wife, Frances Blackwell, and their three children.<ref name=":0" /> He was inducted into the DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame the following year.