Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox military person Admiral Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, Template:Postnominals (21 November 1790Template:Snd23 November 1858) was an eminent British Admiral of the Royal Navy, and diplomat, who ensured Britain's victory in the Crimean War, during which he was Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, by his contribution at the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) with both the Royal Navy and the British Army.

As a consequence of his 'intelligence and great ability', 'quiet humour', 'frankness and urbanity', and 'vigilance and practical skill', Lyons was appointed to ambassadorial positions in Sweden, and in Switzerland, and to the court of King Otto of Greece.

Lyons (whose brother Vice-Admiral John Lyons<ref name=odnb /><ref name="Broadsheet"/> was on Template:HMS at the Battle of Trafalgar and served as British ambassador to Egypt)<ref name="Broadsheet"/> was the father of the diplomat Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons (who was the British ambassador to the US who solved the Trent Affair, and who was later British ambassador to France). Edmund's nephews included Admiral of the Fleet Sir Algernon Lyons.<ref name="Jenkins" />

File:Lyonscoat.jpg
Arms of Lord Lyons

Family

Edmund Lyons was born at Whitehayes House, Burton, near Christchurch, on 21 November 1790.<ref name=odnb>Template:Cite ODNB</ref> He was the fourth son of Captain John Lyons, an owner of extensive sugar plantations in Antigua, whose British residence was at St. Austen's, Lymington, Hampshire, and Catherine (née Walrond), daughter of Maine Swete Walrond, 5th Marquis de Vallado.<ref name="Eardley-Wilmot">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=odnb /> His brothers included Vice-Admiral John Lyons<ref name=odnb /> (1787–1872), who was on board Template:HMS at the Battle of Trafalgar and who served as British ambassador in Egypt;<ref name="Broadsheet">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Maine Walrond Lyons, (1798–1827), a lieutenant in the Royal Navy who was killed at Battle of Navarino; and Humphrey Lyons (1802–1873), a lieutenant-general in the Indian (Bombay) Army.<ref name=odnb /><ref name="Jenkins" />

His nephews included Admiral of the Fleet Sir Algernon McLennan Lyons (1833–1908), and Richard Lyons Pearson, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police.<ref name="Jenkins" /> His godparents were Sir Richard Hussey Bickerton<ref name=odnb /> and Lady Bickerton.<ref name="Jenkins">Template:Cite book</ref>

Lyons first went to sea on board HMS Terrible in 1798, when he was eight years old. He then returned to England to attend Hyde Abbey School near Winchester, which he attended until 1803, when he joined the Royal Navy and the crew of the frigate HMS Active, with which he remained for four years.<ref name=odnb /> He served at the passage of the Dardanelles, under Sir John Duckworth, in February 1807.<ref name=odnb />

He was posted to the West Indies later in 1807 and commissioned as a lieutenant in 1809, as which he participated in the capture of Banda Neira, for which he was mentioned for gallantry<ref name=Byrne>Template:Cite book</ref> and promoted.<ref name="EB1911">Template:Cite EB1911</ref> Lyons then served as a flag-lieutenant, to Rear-Admiral Drury, aboard HMS Minden (74 guns).<ref name=odnb /> In 1810, he served in the 18-gun sloop Template:HMS notably at the capture, from the Dutch, on 9 August 1810, of Banda Neira in the Moluccas during the Invasion of the Spice Islands:<ref name=odnb /> Lyons was involved in the assault on Fort Belgica.<ref name="DNB">Template:Cite DNB</ref>

Lyons destroys Fort Marrack

Template:Further In 1811, a planned British attack on the fortified port of Fort Marrack, in the Sunda Strait of Batavia, Dutch East Indies, was postponed after the Royal Navy received intelligence that Dutch reinforcements had arrived. Lyons with only 34 men attacked the fort anyway and destroyed its 180-strong garrison and 54 guns.<ref name="DNB"/> Lyons was on 25 July dispatched to land Dutch prisoners on the island. On his return journey, on 30 July, he decided to launch a surprise midnight attack on the Dutch fort with the 34 men who accompanied him. Lyons stormed and captured the Dutch battery, and dispersed its Dutch garrison of 180 men and two boat-crews,<ref name=Byrne /> and gunned down the Dutch reinforcements as they arrived, and then dismantled the fort and destroyed its 54 guns<ref name=Byrne /> with dynamite so that they could not be used on the British Fleet.<ref name=odnb />

This action was praised by the Royal Navy as 'the most outstanding example of individual bravery in the wars which followed the French Revolution'. Lyons's Commander-in-Chief, Commodore Broughton, acknowledged Lyons's 'gallantry and zeal' but criticised Lyons because 'the attack was made contrary to orders'.<ref name="DNB"/> but Lyons was nevertheless for this action mentioned in dispatches and proposed for early promotion to the rank of Commander, which he received on 21 March 1812.<ref name=odnb />

Marriage and issue

After his attack on Marrack, Lyons's health deteriorated and he returned to Britain. In 1814, he was promoted post-captain and commanded the sloop Template:HMS<ref name=odnb /> in the fleet that escorted the French King Louis XVIII and other allied sovereigns<ref name=Byrne /> from England to France. On 18 July 1814, at Southwick, Hampshire, he married Augusta Louisa (1792–1852), daughter of Captain Josias Rogers of the Royal Navy.<ref name="Jenkins" /> He and his wife had two sons and two daughters:<ref name=odnb />

  1. Anne Theresa Bickerton Lyons (1815–1894), who married Philip Hartmann Veit von Würtzburg, Baron von Würtzburg, in Bavaria, in 1839.
  1. Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons (1817–1887). Eminent diplomat who served during the American Civil War, in which he solved the Trent affair, and as British Ambassador to France. He founded the Lyons School of Diplomacy. He was a favourite of Queen Victoria who stated that she would allow him to represent her 'at any court in the world'. Richard was granted the higher noble titles of Viscount (1881) and Earl (1887), but he died, unmarried and without issue, before he had formally received the latter.
  1. Edmund Moubray Lyons (1819–1855). Captain in the Royal Navy who was killed in the Crimean War and died without issue.
  1. Augusta Mary Minna Catherine Lyons (1821–1886), who married, in, 1839, Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk, and whose grandson was Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian.

Early Mediterranean service

File:'The H. M. S. Blonde', by Robert Dampier, 1825, Washington Place.jpg
Lyons's flagship from 1828 to 1831, Template:HMS

Lieutenant Maine Walrond Lyons, one of Edmund Lyons's younger brothers, was killed at the Battle of Navarino in 1827. The Duke of Clarence, who was the heir presumptive to the British throne, subsequently appointed Edmund, in 1828, to command the 46-gun frigate Template:HMS during the end of the Greek War of Independence.<ref name=odnb/>

Lyons arrived in Malta on 20 May 1828, when Sir Richard Hussey Bickerton and Admiral Saumarez described him, in letters to their Fleet Commander, as 'a man of intelligence and great ability'.<ref name="Jenkins" /> Lyons and his wife rented the most expensive house in Valletta, where they home-schooled their four children in grammar and in Enlightenment philosophy.<ref name="Jenkins" />

On HMS Blonde, Lyons was involved in the capture of Kastro Morea in the Peloponnese, for which he was knighted in both France and Greece. The following year, Lyons took the Blonde to become the first British warship to visit Sevastopol, the Caucasus, and Odessa: as a consequence of which 25 years later, Lyons was the only senior officer involved in the Crimean War who had direct knowledge of the Black Sea.<ref name=odnb /> In 1831 Lyons was appointed to command of the frigate Template:HMS,<ref name=odnb /> which he brought home to England before he sailed it for the Mediterranean in February 1832.<ref name=odnb />

Diplomat at Athens, Switzerland, and Sweden

In August 1832, Lyons transported the new King Otto of Greece, and the Bavarian Regency,<ref name="DNB"/> from Brindisi to Nauplia,<ref>Russian War, 1854. Baltic and Black Sea Official Correspondence edited by D. Bonner-Smith and Captain A.C. Dewar. Navy Records Society, 1943. 'Introduction' to Black Sea section by Captain A. C. Dewar, pp. 207–8.</ref> and then, in 1833, from Trieste to Athens.<ref name=odnb /> Lyons left the navy in January 1835, was knighted in the Royal Guelphic Order, and was appointed by Lord Palmerston as the British diplomat at Athens, as which he remained for almost fifteen years,<ref name=odnb /> during which he was on 29 July 1840 created baronet, and in July 1844 he was made a Knight Grand Cross in the Civil Division of the Order of the Bath.<ref name=odnb />

In 1849 Lyons was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Confederated States of the Swiss Cantons<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and was on 14 January 1850 promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Blue in the Royal Navy, and was in 1851 appointed minister at Stockholm,<ref>Russian War, 1854. Baltic and Black Sea Official Correspondence p. 208.</ref> at which his wife died.<ref name=odnb />

Second-in-command of Mediterranean Fleet

In November 1853, with the advocacy of Sir James Graham, Lyons returned to active service in the Royal Navy, and was appointed second in command of the British Mediterranean Fleet, and was granted a pension of £900 per annum for his diplomatic service. Lyons left England for the Dardanelles, as Rear-Admiral of the White, on board the steam frigate HMS Terrible on 5 November 1853, before he then took command of his flagship, the new screw-steam ship-of-the-line Template:HMS (91 guns).<ref>Russian War, 1854. Baltic and Black Sea Official Correspondence p. 209.</ref><ref name="Jenkins" /><ref name=odnb />

Crimean War: maverick nature and private correspondences

File:Portrait of Admiral Sir Edmund Lyons (4673793).jpg
Portrait of Admiral Sir Edmund Lyons

Sir James Graham

Lyons maintained secret private correspondence with the First Lord of the Admiralty, Sir James Graham, whose plans for an amphibious assault on Sevastopol Lyons advocated at the Allied Counsels of War between July and August 1854, despite the policy his immediate superior, Vice-Admiral Sir James Dundas.<ref name=odnb />

Lyons also maintained direct private correspondences with various Cabinet ministers, and published memos to the British public, in The Times newspaper, through its reporters such as John Delane, and Austen Henry Layard, and William Howard Russell, in which he criticised the policies of Admiral Dundas,<ref name=odnb /> who disliked Lyons's wilful independence. However, Dundas's superiors within the Navy preferred Lyons, whom they considered to be the more competent and the more charismatic, and encouraged Lyons's independence, by private correspondence and plans, such as those for the assault on Sevastopol, of which officers between Sir James Graham and Lyons in rank, such as Dundas, were not aware.<ref name=odnb />

Both the English Fleet and the French Fleet zealously commended Lyons's 'skill and boldness' during the Crimean War.<ref name="DNB"/> Lyons's white-blonde hair became identified with his maverick temerity.<ref name=odnb /> Lyons's hair was similar to the hair of Nelson,<ref Name="DNB"/> whom Lyons idolized.<ref name="DNB"/> However, Lyons did not possess the strategic intelligence of Nelson and attained his victories, such as the destruction of Fort Marrack (see above) and the attack on Sevastopol (see below), by temerity rather than by meticulous planning. Lyons disliked paperwork: when Admiral Dundas ordered him to organize transports for the invasion of the Crimea, Lyons immediately employed a subordinate, his flag captain William Mends, to do it for him.<ref name=odnb />

Lord Raglan and the army

Furthermore, Lyons's charisma made him a favourite of the Army General Lord Raglan, with whom he maintained another private correspondence. The friendship between Lyons and Raglan was productive of an inter-service rapport during the Crimean War and Lyons served as an intermediary between the Navy and the Army. When Lyons captured Balaklava, he advised Raglan to adopt it as the base for the British Army: Raglan did so. However, this was a poor decision because it compelled the army to suffer the Crimean winter.<ref name=odnb />

Although he was a Naval officer, Lyons led a force during the diversionary attack on Sevastopol on 17 October 1854. Idiosyncratically, Lyons ignored Admiral Dundas's orders to remain disengaged and proceeded to attack on his own initiative: on this occasion, however, Lyons's attack was unsuccessful and the ships were damaged and heavy casualties sustained. However, although the attack failed, Lyons was praised for his bravery by the High Command. Lyons conceded that he was responsible for the failure, but the High Command blamed Dundas for the failure, dismissed Dundas, and, in January 1855, made Lyons Commander-in-Chief.<ref name=odnb /><ref>Russian War, 1854. Baltic and Black Sea Official Correspondence pp. 215–225</ref>

Lyons continued to work productively with Raglan to improve supply arrangements in the Bosphorus and at Balaklava. Lyons secured another diplomatic triumph when he secured, in May 1855, French consent to capture of Kerch and occupation of the Sea of Azov: this operation destroyed the logistic support of the Russian army in the Crimea and enabled the allied victory.<ref name=odnb />

Later Crimean War

In June 1855, Lyons lost both his own son, Edmund, a captain in the Royal Navy, who had been wounded in a night attack on Sevastopol, and his friend and colleague Lord Raglan.<ref name=odnb /> Lyons after the defeat of Sevastopol led a successful expedition, which was the first military action to involve armoured warships, to capture Kinburn on 17 October 1855, which enabled access to the Bug and Dnieper rivers.<ref name=odnb /> In July 1855, Lyons, who had already received the honour of Knight Grand Cross of the Civil Division of the Order of the Bath, received the honour of Knight Grand Cross of the Military Division of the same order. He is one of few persons to have attained the rank of Knight Grand Cross in both divisions of the Order of the Bath.<ref name=odnb /> Lyons attended the January 1856 allied Council of War at Paris, and subsequent to the Treaty of Paris he relinquished his post of Commander in Chief of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean,<ref name=odnb /> for which a Banquet was subsequently hosted for him at the Mansion House, London and he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London on 24 May 1856.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lyons's contribution to the Crimean War was imperative to the allied success. He transported the British Army to the Crimea and he ensured its supplies and support by the military on land, where he led assaults, including the Kerch operation, and where his friendship with Lord Raglan enabled the coordination of the Royal Navy with the British Army and Navy.<ref name=odnb />

Final years, death, and legacy

Edmund Lyons was created a Baron, of Christchurch, on 23 June 1856. He entered the House of Lords between Admiral George Byron, 7th Baron Byron, and Thomas Foley, 4th Baron Foley.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was promoted to Vice-Admiral on 19 March 1857 and held the temporary rank of Admiral from December 1857 until his death.<ref name=odnb /> He escorted Queen Victoria to Cherbourg in August 1858.<ref name=odnb /> Lyons died, on 23 November 1858, at Arundel Castle, which was the seat of his son-in-law, Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk, where he is interred in the vault beneath the Fitzalan Chapel.<ref name=odnb />

There is a life-sized statue of him, by Matthew Noble, in St Paul's Cathedral,<ref>"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" Sinclair, W. p. 455: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.</ref> which remains there.<ref name=odnb /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Edmund River and Lyons River in Australia are named after him.<ref name=landinfo>Template:LandInfo WA</ref>

Lyons's 'intelligence and great ability'<ref name="Jenkins" /> and 'bravery, spirit, and commitment'<ref name=odnb/> earned him the loyalty of the officers and rank-and-file whom he commanded, and he was described as 'as lavish with his praise of others as he was anxious to be praised by his superiors'.<ref name=odnb /> His 1859 Obituary described him as 'affable, playful, and full of quiet humour', as having 'frankness and urbanity', as having 'inimitable' ability in 'graphic description', and as having 'vigilance and practical skill' with which he was 'prompt in expedients'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Edmund Lyons was described by a Foreign Secretary, George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon as 'irritable and one of the vainest men I ever knew'.<ref name=odnb />

Honours

File:Edmund Lyons (small).jpg
Edmund Lyons

Lyons received the following honours:<ref name=odnb />

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

Template:S-start Template:S-dip Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-mil Template:Succession box Template:S-reg Template:S-new Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-reg Template:S-new Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-end

Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Edmund_Lyons,_1st_Baron_Lyons&oldid=601968"