Egerton Gospel
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The Egerton Gospel (British Library Egerton Papyrus 2) refers to a collection of three papyrus fragments of a codex of a previously unknown gospel, found in Egypt and sold to the British Museum in 1934; the physical fragments are now dated to the very end of the 2nd century CE. Together they comprise one of the oldest surviving witnesses to any gospel, or any codex. The British Museum lost no time in publishing the text: acquired in the summer of 1934, it was in print in 1935. It is also called the Unknown Gospel, as no ancient source makes reference to it, in addition to being entirely unknown before its publication.<ref name="lost">Template:Cite book</ref>
Provenance
Three fragments of the manuscript form part of the Egerton Collection in the British Library. A fourth fragment of the same manuscript was identified in the papyrus collection of the University of Cologne, and published in 1987.Template:R<ref name="apoc-pap">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The provenance of the four fragments is a matter of some dispute. Throughout the 20th century the provenance of the Egerton fragments was kept anonymous, with the initial editors suggesting without proof that they came from the Oxyrhynchus Papyri. In 2019 it was established that they were purchased in 1934 from Maurice Nahman, an antiquities dealer in Cairo.Template:R Nahman purchased the manuscript sometime between the 1920s and 1934, without recording its origin. Nahman bragged that he had many origins for his manuscripts.Template:R The Oxyrhynchus identification is thus in question. The Cologne fragment was deposited without any provenance whatsoever.Template:R Circumstantial evidence suggests that this was purchased from Nahman's estate at the time of his death in 1954.<ref name="egergos">Template:Cite book</ref>
Colin Henderson Roberts reported seeing an account of the Passion of Jesus in Nahman's collection. Other Biblical scholars urgently pursued this missing fragment, but Nahman's collection was sold off indiscriminately to many different European universities and private collectors. The names of buyers were not recorded and the final whereabouts of this fragment, if it exists, are unknown.Template:R
Contents
The surviving fragments include four stories:
- A controversy similar to Template:Bibleverse and Template:Bibleverse;
- Curing a leper similar to Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, and Template:Bibleverse;
- A controversy about paying tribute to Caesar analogous to Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse;
- An incomplete account of a miracle on the Jordan River bank, perhaps carried out to illustrate the parable about seeds growing miraculously.Template:R
The latter story has no equivalent in canonical Gospels:Template:R
Dating the manuscript
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The date of the manuscript is established through palaeography (the comparison of writing styles) alone. When the Egerton fragments were first published, its date was estimated at around 150 CE;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> implying that, of early Christian papyri it would be rivalled in age only by Template:Papyrus, the John Rylands Library fragment of the Gospel of John.<ref name="apoc-nt">Template:Cite book</ref> Later, when an additional papyrus fragment of the Egerton Gospel text was identified in the University of Cologne collection (Papyrus Köln 255) and published in 1987, it was found to fit on the bottom of one of the British Library papyrus pages.Template:R In this additional fragment a single use of a hooked apostrophe in between two consonants was observed, a practice that became standard in Greek punctuation at the beginning of the 3rd century; this sufficed to revise the date of the Egerton manuscript. This study placed the manuscript to around the time of Bodmer Papyri Template:Papyrus link, Template:C.;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> noting that Eric Turner had palaeographically dated Template:Papyrus as around 200 CE, citing use of the hooked apostrophe in that papyrus in support of this date.
The revised dating for the Egerton Papyrus continues to carry wide support. However, Stanley Porter has reviewed the dating of the Egerton Papyrus alongside that of Template:Papyrus; noting that the scholarly consensus dating the former to the turn of the third century and the latter to the first half of the second century was contra-indicated by close palaeographic similarities of the two manuscripts.<ref name="porter">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The 1987 redating of the Egerton Papyrus had rested on a comment made by Eric Turner in 1971:
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Porter notes that Turner had then nevertheless advanced several earlier dated examples of the practice from the later second century, and one (BGU III 715.5) is dated to 101 CE. Porter proposes that, notwithstanding the discovery of the hooked apostrophe in P. Köln 255, the original editors' proposal of a mid second century date for the Egerton Papyrus accords better with the palaeographic evidence of dated comparator documentary and literary hands for both Template:Papyrus and this papyrus "the middle of the second century, perhaps tending towards the early part of it".Template:R
Date of composition
Most scholars place P. Egerton 2 to the second or third centuries, after the gospel of John was written.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> According to Jon B. Daniels in The Complete Gospels, given the similarities and differences with the canonical gospels, the author of Egerton most likely wrote independently of the other gospel writers from a shared source of traditional sayings and stories.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Scholar François Bovon observes that the Egerton fragments "sound very Johannine" but also includes a number of terms characteristic of the Gospel of Luke,Template:Efn and is especially similar to Template:Bibleverse and Template:Bibleverse<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a conclusion also shared by scholar Tobias Nicklas.Template:R
Such traditional sayings are posited for the hypothetical Q Document. Ronald Cameron states:
Helmut Koester and J. D. Crossan have argued that despite its apparent historical importance, the text is not well known. It is a mere fragment, and does not bear a clear relationship to any of the four canonical gospels. The Egerton Gospel has been largely ignored outside a small circle of scholars. The work cannot be dismissed as "apocrypha" or "heretical" without compromising the orthodoxy of the Gospel of John. Nor can it be classed as "gnostic" and dismissed as marginal. It seems to be almost independent of the synoptic gospels and to represent a tradition similar to the canonical John, but independent of it. Additionally, it tells of an otherwise unknown miracle in the Johannine manner.Template:R
Evangelical scholar Craig Evans supports a date for the Egerton Gospel later than the canonical gospels in a variety of ways. He finds many parallels between the Egerton Gospel and the canonical gospels that include editorial language particular to Matthew and Luke. While Koester argues that these show a tradition before the other gospels, Evans sees these as drawing from the other gospels just as Justin Martyr did. He also finds words such as the plural "priests" that show lack of knowledge of Jewish customs.<ref>Evans, Craig A. Jesus: How Modern Scholars Distort the Gospels. Downers Grove, IL: Ivp Books, 2008.</ref>
See also
Notes
Citations
References
- Ronald Cameron, editor. The Other Gospels: Non-Canonical Gospel Texts, 1982
External links
- Digital Colour Images of Papyrus Egerton 2 Online at the British Library Online Digital Catalogue.
- The PAPYRUS EGERTON 2 Homepage Detailed description of the manuscript, with many images. Greek and English text and reconstruction.
- Early Christian Writings website: text, commentary, links.