Egmont National Park

NASA satellite picture of Mount Taranaki showing the nearly-circular national park surrounding it

Egmont National Park, officially known as Te Papa-Kura-o-Taranaki, is a national park located south of New Plymouth, close to the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The park covers three volcanic cones: Mount Taranaki and its slopes, Pouākai and Kaitake.<ref name=DOC_nature /> The park was first created in 1881 as a forest reserve and went on to become New Zealand’s second national park, preceded by Tongariro National Park, in 1900.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The forest reserve was created within a Template:Convert radius around the cone of the dormant Taranaki Maunga volcano. Areas encompassing the older volcanic remnants of Pouākai and Kaitake were later added to the reserve at the northwest side. The forest is surrounded on all sides by pasture, giving it a distinctly circular shape.

The official name of the park was changed from Egmont National Park to Te Papa-Kura-o-Taranaki on 1 April 2025.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Early Māori history and legends

Mount Taranaki (Mt Egmont) is considered sacred by local Māori people who believe the mountain is where their ancestors descended from.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Māori legend talks of Taranaki being called Pukeonaki and initially resided in central New Zealand next to Ruapehu, Tongariro, and Pihanga. It is said both Pukeonaki and Tongariro were in love with Pihanga and fought over her. Pukeonaki fled underground as Tongariro was stronger, and headed towards the sea. When Pukeonaki resurfaced, he fell in love with the Pouākai Range.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>

The name of the area was given by one of the first ancestors of the area Ruataranaki. A cave near the source of the Hangatahua River is the site of a burial cave called "Te Ana-a-Tahatiti".

Early pakeha

In 1770, Captain James Cook first saw Mount Taranaki from his ship HMS Endeavour. It was then that he named it Mount Egmont in honour of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1865, the mountain and surrounding land was seized by the crown government following the land wars in the 1860s as a form of punishment for rebellious Māori.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Park establishment

The first formal establishment of a protected area in the Taranaki area was in 1881 where all land within Template:Convert of the summit was made a forest reserve. The catalyst for this being extensive deforestation and burning in the area. The forest reserve was divided into four forest reserves that were managed by committees. The main reason for the creating for the reserves was for timber protection, however the committees promoted overall welfare and conservation of their areas.<ref name=":6" /> Responsibility was passed to the Taranaki Land Board in 1876.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> The Taranaki Scenery Reservation Society drafted a Bill to create Egmont National Park and in 1900 after public pressure the Egmont National Park Act was created.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> Egmont National Park become the second national park in New Zealand behind Tongariro National Park. The original committees were retained, as well as the creation of New Zealand's first national park board, which were active until their disestablishment in 1977 in an amendment to the National Parks Act.<ref name=":6" />

Name change

The Taranaki Maunga Collective Redress Act 2025 was passed in February 2025,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as a settlement of claims relating to breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Act renames Egmont National Park to Te Papa-Kura-o-Taranaki, which means "the highly regarded and treasured lands of Taranaki".<ref name=":3" /> The settlement also made the national park and its contents, including Taranaki Maunga (previously Mount Egmont), a vested legal person.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This effectively means that the park owns itself. Te Tōpuni Kōkōrangi, a collective of both iwi and Crown representatives, will manage the park and develop plans which will be approved by the Conservation Minister.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref> In April 2025, the New Zealand Geographic Board officially renamed Egmont National Park to Te Papa-Kura-o-Taranaki, along with changing 20 other Taranaki place names.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography

Egmont National Park is located in the West of the North Island of New Zealand. It is distinctive from other national parks in New Zealand as it is surrounded by well developed agricultural land. The park encompasses a 9.9km radius from the summit of Mt Taranaki as well as the Pouakai and the coastal Kaitake Ranges. The size of the park is approximately 33,000 hectares. New Plymouth, Hawera, and Stratford are within 30 kilometers from the national park boundary.<ref name=":6" />

Geology

There are three volcanoes in the park, the Kaitaki Range, Pouakai Range and Mount Taranaki, the former of the two being extinct while Mount Taranaki is an active volcano in a state of dormancy. Lava flows, ash showers and lahars have moved volcanic material away from the peaks of the mountains and deposited them in the surrounding areas of the park. Lava flows can still be found in the west of the park.<ref name=":6" />

Mineral deposits can be found throughout the park, particularly in the Kaitaki Ranges. These minerals such as ochre have only traditional value and interest in the geology of the park is purely scientific.<ref name=":6" />

Soils vary throughout Egmont National Park as a result of volcanic and wild animal activity. All the soils are loose and weakly structured which means that they are prone to erosion. High rainfall in the area along creates leaching, and along with wild animal activity, means that re-vegetation is slow. Some parts of the park have poor soil drainage and swamps have formed as a result. In the southwest, northwest and north are Maero and Newall soils created by hot gasses and volcanic matter, called pyroclastic flows, from Mount Taranaki. Soils found in the southeast were created from pumice and scoria ejected from Mount Taranaki and Fanthams Peak in the period from 3,500 to 500 years ago. Soils in the east of the park result from the 1685 Burrell pumice shower.<ref name=":6" />

Climate

The park is located on the west coast of the North Island and is exposed to prevailing winds from the west or northwest. Moist westerlies from the Tasman Sea create orographic precipitation when they reach Mount Taranaki and the adjacent Pouākai and Kaitake ranges. Southerly winds are also common. The elevation varies from around Template:Convert to Template:Convert, leading to a wide range of climatic conditions. At low elevations around the Kaitake Range, the climate is mild and humid, with average annual rainfall of Template:Convert. The higher elevation areas of the park experience annual rainfall of Template:Convert. Peak daily rainfalls of Template:Convert have been recorded. At the summit of Taranaki Maunga, the average wind speed is around Template:Convert. Above Template:Convert, gale force winds and blizzards are common, and the mountain is known for severe windchill conditions because of the combination of low temperatures, moisture and high wind speeds. Icy conditions are common at higher elevations.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref>

The high annual rainfall and a mild coastal climate at lower elevations supports a temperate rainforest covering the foothills. The forest that is unusual nationally because of the total absence of beech trees (genus Nothofagus).

Mount Taranaki

Template:Main Mount Taranaki, officially known as Taranaki Maunga, is a dormant stratovolcano that sits as a prominent feature in the center of the park. Sitting at 2,518 metres, it is the second largest mountain in the North Island. Mount Taranaki is considered a geologically young volcano starting activity around 200,000 years ago. It is believed that minor eruptions occur every 90 years, while major eruptions occur every 500 years. The last major eruption occurred around 1655.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Much like the national park, the mountain's name was fiercely debated by the public, and was named 'Mount Egmont or Mount Taranaki' in 1985. The mountain was officially named Taranaki Maunga in 2025 along with the renaming of the national park.<ref name=":7" />

Pouakai and Kaitake Range

Template:See also-text The Pouakai and Kaitake Ranges are extinct stratovolcanoes that were a part of the Taranaki Volcanic Succession. Pouakai Range sits to the closest to the north of Mount Taranaki and has a height of 1,399 meters, while the Kaitaki Range sits further north towards the coast and is 684 meters high.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The protected areas of these two ranges have a size of 4,965 hectares<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Kaitake Range has distinctive flora compared to the other areas of the national park. Nikau, titoke, kohekohe, and puriri trees can only be found in the low lying coastal area of the Kaitake Range.<ref>Department of Conservation. Kaitake Range. (June 2013). Retrieved from https://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/wanganui/kaitake-range-walks-factsheet.pdf</ref> An area of the Ahukawakawa wetland, located in the Pouakai Range, is a popular location for tourists wishing to get a photo of Mount Taranaki reflected in a tarn.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite web</ref>

Ecology

Flora

A rich northern rātā/rimu/broadleaf forest is present, although the entire park ecosystem displays distinct patterns of altitudinal zonation – the former two large species of tree are common at lower elevations whereas kāmahi tends to dominate the stunted high elevation forest. In these old growth forests the crown fern (Blechnum discolor) is a dominant understory plant species.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The character of the plant communities continues to change with increasing elevation, to subalpine and alpine shrublands at high elevations, which are in stark contrast to the surrounding pasture farmlands. Notable among the geographical features of the park is its clear radial drainage pattern, which can be discerned in the satellite picture at right.

The Kaitake Range is particularly distinct when compared with the rest of the national park. Three taxa found in the area is not found anywhere else in the park. Phymatosorus novae-zelandiae and Corybas aconitiflorus are two taxa that are not found anywhere else in the Taranaki district. Around 95% of the vegetation is native forest, mostly being kohekohe (Dysoxylum spectabile), tawa (Beilschmiedia tawa), and kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa). It has lowland and semi-coastal forest types that were found in the Taranaki volcanic plain before becoming farmland.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The Ahukawakawa Swamp is a rare high-elevation (920 m) sphagnum moss wetland located between Mount Taranaki and the Pouākai Range. It contains many endemic species adapted to acid soils and low temperatures.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fauna

The national park is integral habitat for many species of birds that rely on the large forest. Threatened bird species within the park include blue duck (whio), North Island brown kiwi and fernbird. Nearly half of New Zealand's indigenous fish species are found in the park, including threatened giant kōkopu, shortjaw kōkopu, banded kōkopu and kōaro.<ref name=DOC_nature>Template:Cite web</ref>

Introduced feral goats have historically degraded the forest understory. However, the park was declared free of feral goats in 2022, the first national park in New Zealand to be free of ungulates, as it was already free of feral pigs and deer. Pest animals present include possums, rodents, hares, stoats, weasels and ferrets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Conservation and human interaction

Management

The national park is co-managed by the New Zealand government and a group made up of representatives of the region's eight iwi called Te Tōpuni Ngārahu.<ref name=":13">Template:Cite web</ref> Management plans that are developed for Te Tōpuni Ngārahu and the minister for conservation to consider are created by another group called Te Tōpuni Kōkōrangi. This group is half appointed by iwi and half appointed by the government.<ref name=":13" /> Local authorities such as the Taranaki Regional Council and New Plymouth, South Taranaki, and Stratford District Councils are responsible for activities related to the Resource Management Act 1991 and Biosecurity Act 1993, which involve animal and pest control as well as sustainable management of natural and physical resources. The New Zealand Police are responsible for search and rescue in the park as well as general law and order. The New Zealand Fire Service is responsible for fire management, although the Minister of Conservation is the fire authority.<ref name=":6" />

Conservation

A number of projects from governmental and non-governmental organisations have commenced in an effort to remove predators from Egmont National Park and rebuild kiwi populations.<ref name=":03">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2018, work was started to eradicate possums and mustelids from a 4500 hectare area. This area included the Kaitake Range and farmland as well as Oākura town. In 2023, an additional 5000 hectare area was added to the project.<ref name=":03" /> Goats were eradicated from Egmont National Park in 2022 following the worlds longest goat eradication programme.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Pests are controlled through a number of means and there are more than 1060 possum, stoat and ferrets traps within Egmont National Park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Arial drops of the poison 1080 have also been used in the past to help control possum and stoat numbers in the park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Due to an increase in visitor numbers, stress on alpine vegetation from being trampled led to the building of a boardwalk on the Pouakai circuit. Camping is also banned within 500m of the Pouakai tarns due to rubbish and toileting concerns. In 2017, $3.4 million dollars was committed to improving areas within the Pouakai Range, including signage, boardwalks and toileting facilities.<ref name=":04">Template:Cite web</ref>

Activities

The National Park is a popular tourist location with the Department of Conservation estimating up to 400,000 people visited Egmont National Park in 2017.<ref name=":05">Template:Cite web</ref> Popular activities in the park include tramping, hunting and skiing. While there are no deer, pigs or goats in Egmont National Park, permits can be obtained for hunting possums.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Pouakai circuit

The Pouakai Circuit is a 25 kilometer tramping that track passes through forest, alpine tussock fields, and the Ahukawakawa Swamp. The circuit starts at the North Egmont visitor center, can be walked in either direction and takes about two to three days. Holly Hut and Pouakai Hut are available for trampers to stay in. It is a mostly unformed track but is marked with markers and poles. The track can become impassable in winter due to snow and ice fall<ref>Department of Conservation. (June, 2014). Pouakai Circuit. Retrieved from https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/wanganui/pouakai-circuit-factsheet.pdf</ref>

Mount Taranaki summit

A challenging yet popular climb, with over 20,000 people climbing the mountain every year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The summit is a 8-10 hour round trip that starts at the North Egmont Visitor Center. Ice can be found all year round in the crater and specialised tramping gear such as crampons and an ice axe may be required.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The very summit of the mountain is considered sacred by Maori and climbing to the highest point is considered offensive.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Around the mountain circuit

The around the mountain circuit is a 52 kilometer loop tramping track that takes about five to seven days to complete. The track covers forests, rivers and alpine areas of the park. There are high and low route options, with the former being impassable at times due to snowfall during the winter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Manganui ski area

Manganui Ski Area is a ski field on Mount Taranaki operated by the Stratford Mountain Club and run by volunteers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Skiing on the mountain first started in 1917 but was only sporadic and no defined ski fields were established until 1929.<ref name=":52">Template:Cite web</ref> The ski field has two sections, the upper ski field and lower ski field. The lower ski field sits at 1250-1360 meters above sea level and has a gradient of about twenty degrees. The upper ski field sits at 1400-1680 meters above sea level and has ski runs of about 25 degrees. Both areas have lifts, with the lower area having a modern T-bar lift while the upper ski field has a long rope tow. <ref>Efford, J. T., Bylsma, R. J., & Clarkson, B. D. (2012). Environmental effects of the Manganui ski field, Mt Taranaki/Egmont.</ref> Manganui Ski Area has a skiable area of 59 hectares. The snow season is usually from early June to mid-October.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Forest parks of New Zealand
• List of mountains of New Zealand by height
• National parks of New Zealand
• Protected areas of New Zealand

External links

• Te Papa-Kura-o-Taranaki, Department of Conservation