Elias M. Ammons

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Elias Milton Ammons (July 28, 1860 – May 20, 1925) served as the 19th governor of Colorado from 1913 to 1915. He is perhaps best remembered for ordering National Guard troops into Ludlow, Colorado during the Colorado Coalfield War, which resulted in the Ludlow Massacre. He was also instrumental in starting the National Western Stock Show, which is still active. His son, Teller Ammons, was also governor of Colorado.

Early life

On July 28, 1860, Ammons was born in Macon County, North Carolina. Ammons' parents were Jehu R. and Margaret Ammons.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His father was a Baptist minister, and his mother was descended from the Pennsylvania Dutch.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1871, Ammons and his family moved to Denver, Colorado. Ammons graduated from East High School in Denver in 1880.<ref name="nga_ammons"/>

Ammons' sister was Theodosia Grace Ammons, who later became a faculty member at Colorado State University, and president of the Colorado Equal Suffrage Association.<ref>Helen Marsh Wixson, "Equal Suffrage in Colorado" The Era (October 1902): 409.</ref>

Career

In 1886, at age 26, Ammons started a successful cattle ranch in Douglas County, Colorado, south of Denver.<ref>Bowman, John S. The Cambridge Dictionary of American Biography. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995) p. 15</ref>

Legislative

In 1890, running as a Republican, Ammons was elected unopposed to the Colorado House of Representatives from Douglas County. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was re-elected, again unopposed, in 1892.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="politicalgraveyard_ammons">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After leaving the Colorado House, Ammons became a Democrat and served in the Colorado State Senate from 1898 to 1902.<ref name="politicalgraveyard_ammons"/> He publicly debated Gifford Pinchot, chief of the United States Department of Agriculture's Division of Forestry and head of the federal government's conservation movement, three times between 1901 and 1909.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Governorship

In 1912, Ammons was elected Governor of Colorado. He defeated five other candidates--Edward P. Costigan, Clifford C. Parks, Charles A. Ashelstrom, John Henry Ketchum, and Jonathan U. Billings--with 42.9% of the vote. His term as governor lasted from January 14, 1913 to January 12, 1915.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nga_ammons">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ammons was elected on an anti-conservation platform and was against federal control of Colorado lands.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He believed strongly in the sovereignty of the states and worried that the federal government was encroaching on the political independence of Colorado. Further, he was concerned that federal land reservation would stunt Colorado's economic growth.<ref name=":0" />

While governor, Ammons was accused of favoring mine owners and companies, particularly John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Colorado Fuel & Iron, during the 1913-14 strike and civil unrest known as the Colorado Coalfield War.<ref>Bowman. Dictionary of American Biography. p. 15</ref>

Ammons retired from public service upon the end of his term as governor in 1915.<ref name="nga_ammons"/>

Personal life

Ammons contracted a severe case of measles in his youth that permanently impaired his eyesight. It was after this illness that he developed the interest in ranching that led to his career in the cattle business.<ref name="nga_ammons"/><ref name="usgwarchives_ammons"/>

On January 29, 1889, Ammons married Elizabeth Fleming in Denver, Colorado. They had five children.<ref name="nga_ammons"/><ref name="politicalgraveyard_ammons"/><ref name="usgwarchives_ammons">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ammons' son Bruce became a rancher in Grand County, Colorado.<ref name="usgwarchives_ammons"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}()</ref> Daughter Elizabeth became an accomplished equestrienne; she married Henry Louis Larsen and later became the First Lady of American Samoa and First Lady of Guam.<ref name="usgwarchives_ammons"/> Another son, Teller Ammons, followed in his father's footsteps and became Governor of Colorado.<ref name="nga_ammons"/>

Ammons died May 20, 1925 in Denver. He was interred at Denver's Fairmont Cemetery.<ref name="nga_ammons"/>

External links

• Governor Elias M. Ammons Collection at the Colorado State Archives
• Template:Find a Grave
• Elias Milton Ammons at ballotpedia.org
• Elias M. Ammons at ourcampaigns.com