Embraer was founded in 1969 by the Brazilian government as a national champion for domestic aerospace technology. It initially focused on supplying military aircraft to the Brazilian Air Force, but by the 1980s began producing a series of successful commuter and regional airliners for export. The company was privatized in 1994 and began expanding to the production of larger regional airliners and smaller business jets. In 2000, Embraer became public as a limited company (Sociedade Anônima) with its own shares publicly traded in both the United States (NYSE) and Brazil (B3).
Embraer has divisions for commercial, executive, military, and agricultural aviation; it also maintains an incubator for aerospace technologies and businesses. While the company continues producing aircraft for the defense sector, it is best known for the ERJ and E-Jet families of narrow-body short to medium range airliners, and for its line of business jets, including the market-leading Phenom 300.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of May 2024, Embraer has delivered more than 8,000 aircraft, including 1,800 E-Jet planes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Brazilian government contributed to Embraer's early growth by providing production contracts.<ref name= history>Template:Citation.</ref> The company sold solely to the domestic market until 1975.
In addition to its own line of aircraft, beginning in 1974, Embraer was licensed by the United States' Piper Aircraft to develop, produce, and market its light airplanes,<ref name= piper>Template:Citation.</ref> as Brazil was one of the world's leading importers of small single- or twin-engine aircraft.<ref name=":4" /> Piper first put together knock-down kits in its U.S. factory for Embraer to then assemble and market in Brazil and Latin America.<ref name=":5" /> By 1978, most parts and components were being sourced by Embraer locally.<ref name= piper /> The aircraft were sold as the EMB 820 Navajo (Piper Navajo Chieftain), EMB 810 Seneca (Piper Seneca III), EMB 720 Minuano (Cherokee Six), EMB 710 Carioca aircraft (Cherokee 235 Pathfinder) and the EMB 711 Corisco (Cherokee Arrow II). Between 1974 and 2000, nearly 2,500 license-built Pipers were produced by Embraer.<ref name =piper />
By 1980, Aerotec's main business was producing components for Embraer. However, around this time, the Brazilian Air Force became interested in an upgraded version of the Uirapuru. A prototype, designated Uirapuru II, was built; but, by the time it flew, the Air Force no longer required it. A small number were built for export. In 1987, the firm was sold to Embraer.
Privatization
Born from a Brazilian government plan and having been state-run,<ref name= oecd /> Embraer eventually started a privatisation process in 1992 alongside other state-run companies, such as Telebrás and Vale. Privatisation was a key policy of the economically liberal government of Fernando Collor, elected in the 1989 presidential election.<ref name=":4">Template:Citation.</ref>
Embraer was sold to private investors on December 7, 1994,<ref name=time/><ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref> which helped it avoid a looming bankruptcy.<ref name= oecd /> The Brazilian government retained interest through possession of golden shares, which allow it veto power.<ref name=MM>Template:Citation</ref> Embraer continued to win government contracts throughout the 2000s and 2010s.Template:Citation needed
Initial public offerings
In 2000, Embraer made simultaneous initial public offerings on the NYSE and BM&F Bovespa stock exchanges. As of 2008 its NYSE-traded shares were American depositary receipts representing four BM&F Bovespa shares and it was partially owned by the Bozano Group (11.10%), Previ (16.40%), Sistel (7.40%), Dassault Aviation (2.1%), EADS (2.1%), Thales (2.1%), Safran (1.1%), and the government of Brazil (0.3% and golden share), the remainder being publicly traded.<ref name=MM/>
As of December 31, 2014 the shareholders with more than 5% of the company's capital were:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Product line expansion: military, regional and executive
In the mid-1990s, the company pursued a product line focused on small commercial airplanes over the military aircraft that had previously made up the majority of its manufacturing.<ref name= oecd /> It soon expanded to the production of larger regional airliners in the 70–110 seat range, and smaller business jets.<ref name="MM" />
By May 2019, Embraer considered developing a new family of turboprop regional airliners in the 50–70 seat range, complementing the E-Jet E2, so as to free engineering resources.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It would compete against older ATR and Dash 8 designs for 1.5 to 2 h flights over Template:Cvt.<ref name=Flight29oct2020>Template:Cite news</ref> In August 2021, Embraer released a new configuration with quieter aft-mounted engines for a 70-90 seat aircraft, with the E-Jet cross-section, aiming for a 2022 launch and a 2027/2028 service entry.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Executive jets
At the 2000 Farnborough Airshow, Embraer introduced the Legacy 600, a business jet variant of the Embraer Regional Jet, which entered service in 2002.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Embraer Executive Jets was created as a dedicated subsidiary in 2005. That same year, the Phenom 100 was envisioned as an air taxi similar to the Eclipse 500, competing with Cessna and Hawker Beechcraft. It was introduced in 2008 and is the basis of the larger Phenom 300. The midsize Legacy 450 and Legacy 500 were jointly developed as clean sheet designs, while the Lineage 1000 is a VIP version of the E190. In 2016, Embraer delivered its 1,000th executive jet and had a market share of 17% by volume, though it lacked an ultra-long-range large cabin jet.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In October 2018 Embraer announced two new business jets—the Praetor 500 in the midsize cabin category—and the Praetor 600 in the super midsize category.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Military transport
On April 19, 2007, Embraer announced it was considering the production of a twin-jet military transport. Work began in May 2009 with funding from the Brazilian Air Force.<ref name= beeb>Template:Citation.</ref> Correios, the Brazilian postal service, has shown interest in buying this aircraft.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Citation.</ref> Using much of the technology developed for the Embraer 190, the C-390 would carry up to 23 tons of cargo<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and aims to replace Cold War-era cargo aircraft.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>
While firm orders for the yet-to-be-produced KC-390 transport had not yet been made in the fall of 2010,<ref name=beeb/> Argentina asked for six examples and several other South American nations also expressed interest.<ref name= samnat>Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Citation.</ref>
Brazil and Canada engaged in an international, adjudicated trade dispute over government subsidies to domestic plane-makers in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The World Trade Organization determined that both countries had provided illegal subsidies to what were supposed to be privately owned industries. Brazil ran an illegal subsidy program, Proex, benefiting its national aviation industry from at least 1999–2000, and Canada illegally subsidized its indigenous regional airliner industry including in export contracts, comprising Bombardier Aerospace.
On July 5, 2018, a joint venture with Boeing was announced that would have resulted in Boeing owning 80% of Embraer's commercial aviation division.<ref name= 5jul2018PR>Template:Cite press release</ref> This was seen as a reaction to Airbus' acquisition of a majority in the competing Bombardier CSeries the previous year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Under the 2018 plan, Embraer would retain its executive business jet and its defence business.<ref name=Flight11oct2018>Template:Cite news</ref> The resulting division would be known as Boeing BrasilTemplate:SndCommercial, though it was unclear whether the aircraft would be rebranded as Boeing models.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On November 18, 2019, Boeing and Embraer announced another joint venture, at 49% and 51% respectively, to promote and develop new markets for the C-390 Millennium tactical transport aircraft; the resulting entity would be called Boeing Embraer – Defense and would begin operating after regulatory approvals and closing conditions.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
In November 2020, Embraer announced that its loss for the third quarter of the year is $121 million due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the travel restrictions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
STOUT light military transport aircraft
In December 2019, Embraer and the Brazilian Air Force tackled the development of a light military transport aircraft.<ref name=Flight17nov2020/> The Short Take Off Utility Transport (STOUT) would replace its 64 EMB-110 Bandeirante (average age of 38.3 years) and 19 EMB-120 Brasilia (average age of 26.5 years) with similar dimensions.<ref name=Flight17nov2020>Template:Cite news</ref>
Organization
Embraer is organized into four segments: Commercial Aviation, which manages the development, production, sale, and lease of commercial jets, as well as the provision of aviation support services; Defense & Security, which consists of research, development, production, modification, and support for military defense aircraft, and related products and services; Executive Aviation, which concerns the development, production, and sale of executive jets, and support services; and Other, which entails the production of structural parts, mechanical and hydraulic systems, agricultural crop-spraying aircraft, and customer training.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Corporate affairs
The key trends of Embraer are (as at the financial year ending December 31):<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
OGMA – Indústria Aeronáutica de Portugal (Alverca do Ribatejo, Portugal) – aircraft component maintenance, repair and manufacturing, plus aircraft maintenance services.
Embraer Aero Seating Technologies – Inaugurated in September 2016 in the city of Titusville, Florida, Embraer Aero Seating Technologies produces aircraft seats.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Mesa Unit (Located in Mesa, Arizona, U.S.) – Implemented in 2008, performs maintenance, repair and overhaul services on the Phenom and Legacy executive aircraft line.<ref name="Embraer 2012">Template:Cite web</ref>
Windsor Locks Unit (Located in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, U.S.) – Implemented in 2008, as well as the Mesa Unit, also performs maintenance, repair and revision services in Embraer's executive line.
Melbourne Unit (Located in Melbourne, Florida, U.S.) – Implemented in 2011, it is the first unit in the United States to carry out the final assembly of aircraft. It produces the line of executives Phenom 100 and Phenom 300. In November 2012 work began on an Engineering and Technology Center at the Melbourne facility.
ECC Leasing – Embraer's in-house leasing division, based in Dublin, Ireland, managing and re-marketing the Embraer aircraft portfolio owned directly by the manufacturer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Embraer's commercial airliner portfolio, as well as the KC-390, would be part of two separate joint ventures with Boeing. In the case of the civil aircraft line, Boeing would own 80% of the resulting firm.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> (canceled)
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